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The storage is built-in on the Asus Tinker Edge while, on a Raspberry Pi you would have to use an SD card for storage (of course, you can plug in external USB drives on both boards). Looks like it comes with a heatsink/fan included, you can buy cheap 3rd party fans/enclosures for the Raspberry Pi or 3D print ones. Seems to cost $80 on Newegg at the moment, the Raspberry Pi 4 sells at $35 which is slightly less than half the cost. Essentially, it is just a fancy Raspberry Pi and I wouldn't recommend spending a premium for it. 
 

 

If you are willing to take that risk, then it could be worth it to save on the repair costs, and you then have the equipment to use later down the road if needed. If you can get a reasonable price quote for a shop to repair it then that will save you the hassle and risk.

What components are you planning to run in the case, what country are you shopping from, and what is your budget?

Use Display Driver Uninstaller (DDU) to completely remove old graphics drivers, then go to your GPU manufacturer's website and install the latest driver version available for your operating system.
 
Link to download Display Driver Uninstaller (DDU) -->     https://www.guru3d.com/files-details/display-driver-uninstaller-download.html

You could put the rest of the components together and wait until GPU prices drop before buying the graphics card (using integrated graphics or another card you may have lying around in the meantime). Seems like the linked system integrator is disclosing what components they are using (a good practice, transparency), looks mostly standard to me from the models I've looked through.
 
No worries, I was able to translate the pages (over to English) using the Google Translate function that's built into Google Chrome. This is the model I would go with from that system integrator (in terms of a good value configuration, price to performance) -->   https://www.komplett.dk/product/1159959/pc-tablets/komplett-pc/komplett-epic-gaming-pc/komplett-a141-epic-gaming-pc#
 

The storage is built-in on the Asus Tinker Edge while, on a Raspberry Pi you would have to use an SD card for storage (of course, you can plug in external USB drives on both boards). Looks like it comes with a heatsink/fan included, you can buy cheap 3rd party fans/enclosures for the Raspberry Pi or 3D print ones. Seems to cost $80 on Newegg at the moment, the Raspberry Pi 4 sells at $35 which is slightly less than half the cost. Essentially, it is just a fancy Raspberry Pi and I wouldn't recommend spending a premium for it. 
 

 

For the Qualcomm Snapdragon 835, four Cortex-A73 cores are running at 2.45 GHz, the other four Cortex-A53 cores are running at 1.9 GHz. If you're using Android, there should be a built-in "Power Saver" feature in Settings that will reduce background processes and lower the operating frequency of your processor among other things to save battery. The Cortex-A73 cores are more efficient than the Cortex-A53 cores, I would disable the three Cortex-A53 cores at 1.9 GHz first.

I suspect it's because the price is $0 (+ a monthly subscription), so they're all weighted the same by that metric.

Nothing is completely future-proof, we can only design our builds in a way that allows reasonable room for upgrades while still having satisfactory performance today.
 
Game developers are already making their games more multi-threaded optimized and will expectedly continue to do so in the future (gaming consoles can already be found equipped with 8 cores). If the Ryzen 3700X is similarly priced to the Ryzen 5600X and within your budget that I would recommend going with the Ryzen 3700X. 
 
A lot of the times you will see theoretical maximums and that may have lead you to believe that NVMe drives would be so much faster than the SATA SSDs, its essentially tricky marketing by manufacturers, you need to look at the real-world performance of drives (benchmark scores). Although, speed is not the only factor when it comes to picking an SSD, other factors to consider include storage capacity, manufacturer, and the type of NAND memory being utilized (QLC, TLC, SLC, MLC, or eMLC).
 
Recommended SSD (as linked in my previous post) -->     https://nl.pcpartpicker.com/product/LFZzK8/crucial-bx500-1-tb-25-solid-state-drive-ct1000bx500ssd1

Yeah, I wouldn't really recommend doing this, you could damage your PC if you aren't careful.
 
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You don't really need to completely re-install Windows 10, it is actually a pretty easy fix to change it over to UEFI (given that you motherboard supports UEFI).
 
 

I have had around 2 months of uptime on my laptop because I was using a HDD and used sleep mode to avoid extremely long boot times. Although, you should shutdown and restart your PC at least once a week to avoid potential issues (especially on Windows).
 
I use Glarysoft's Malware Hunter to clean through any present malware on PCs, although have used Malwarebytes and it was pretty good as well, let both of them run and remove any malware (not at the same time necessarily). -->     https://www.glarysoft.com/malware-hunter/

The GTX 1080 is still a pretty good graphics card (even though the RTX 2000 and 3000 series cards are better), considering that it is a used card, you really don't know if the card was abused (ex. cryptocurrency mining). If you don't absolutely need a new GPU right now (can use integrated graphics or a GPU you already have) then I would recommend waiting until the prices fall and likely new GPUs will come to the market.

Integrated graphics on newer processors are getting significantly better over the years, even if something like what the OP mentioned were to happen, you could still build a computer and run it using integrated graphics.

Integrated graphics on newer processors are getting significantly better over the years, even if something like what the OP mentioned were to happen, you could still build a computer and run it using integrated graphics.

Might be able to find an adapter online to solve this issue.
 
 
My ideas would be to sell them or give them to friends/family who may need them, here's some additional relevant resources for more ideas:
 
 

Yeah, that should work reasonably good for the time being. 
 
The AM4 motherboard platform (compatible with the AMD A10 9700) would support more options for faster CPUs down the road without a board replacement being necessary, not the greatest processor although it should be fine in this case. Even on the used market, it is pretty challenging to find a graphics card at a reasonable price due to the shortage right now.

I would recommend changing the CPU to a Ryzen 9 3900X or the Ryzen 9 5900X if you can find that in stock for a reasonable price with an AM4 socket motherboard. Additionally, if the RAM on you current system is DDR4 then you can use that on your new system build.

Alright I have a 10th generation core i5 so I think it'll work

You can find an abundance of free resources on the internet (videos, articles, etc.) to learn more about computers / computer science.
 
If you're wanting to have a career in the tech / computer science industry then college and specific certifications will boost your chances of getting hired for quality positions over other candidates in the long run.

The CPU, motherboard, SSD, and RAM upgrades you are planning on wouldn't make any noticeable/worthy improvements to your system's performance. If you're having overheating issues on your current system, try changing the thermal compound and dusting it out with compressed air, if that doesn't work then it may be a good idea to get a better CPU cooler.

Yeah, unless you really need that much high speed storage (ex. scrubbing through large amounts of video, hosting your own media server, etc) at any given moment, cloud storage or a HDD/NAS may be a better solution for you. If you know that you are on a legacy BIOS then there's really no need to try it because it will be capped at 2TB, if you aren't sure or know that you have a UEFI BIOS then experiment (buy from Amazon or other retailers with an excellent return policy).

Yeah, unless you really need that much high speed storage (ex. scrubbing through large amounts of video, hosting your own media server, etc) at any given moment, cloud storage or a HDD/NAS may be a better solution for you. If you know that you are on a legacy BIOS then there's really no need to try it because it will be capped at 2TB, if you aren't sure or know that you have a UEFI BIOS then experiment (buy from Amazon or other retailers with an excellent return policy).

It will be hard to tell for 100% certain because there are many factors such as your the model of your laptop, what motherboard BIOS version you're on, etc. For best chances, update your BIOS to the latest firmware version if it isn't on that already.

Given that it is an older laptop that could potentially still be using legacy BIOS instead of UEFI, you will be capped at 2TB at the maximum for your storage drive with legacy BIOS.

We will have to wait and see for a definite answer, Microsoft may make changes regarding letting users run without activation when they release Windows 11, if they have a similar policy as Windows 10 then I am guessing that you could get Windows 11 but it would be an non-activated version.