RISC V: IIT-Madras Develops India’s First Microprocessor

[ujjwall]

Source :

https://riscv.org/2018/11/gadgets-now-article-iit-madras-develops-indias-first-microprocessor-shakti/

https://m.gadgetsnow.com/tech-news/iit-madras-develops-indias-first-microprocessor-shakti/articleshow/66464172.cms

 

Quote

Researchers at Indian Institute of Technology-Madras (IIT-Madras) have designed and booted up India’s first microprocessor, Shakti, which could be used in mobile computing and other devices.

 

According to IIT-Madras, the Shakti microprocessor can be used in low-power wireless systems and networking systems besides reducing reliance on imported microprocessors in communication and defense sectors. The microprocessor can be used by others as it is on par with international standards, researchers said.

 

The Shakti family of processors was fabricated at Semi-Conductor Laboratory (SCL), Indian Space Research Organizations (ISRO) in Chandigarh. According to IIT-Madras, it was the first ‘RISC V Microprocessor’ to be completely designed and made in India.

Go open source go

[Curufinwe_wins]

What the hell does 'on par with international standards mean'?

 

So like it's crap? Or like 'it is made in a way that follows the riscv uarch' and is crap?

 

EDIT: saw the proposed design criteria... sub 500 MHz low power devices where process control is far more important than performance/efficiency. Ok, I can understand that now, but like... no one would ever willingly choose this compared to current ultra-low cost offerings. Even within India. But hey, I shouldn't be so hasty. Most research uprocessor designs like this are.

[Granular]

45 minutes ago, Curufinwe_wins said:

no one would ever willingly choose this compared to current ultra-low cost offerings

People who first and foremost care about not having ame***ans and br*ts stealing their research/commercial/political secrets might.

[ujjwall]

1 hour ago, Curufinwe_wins said:

What the hell does 'on par with international standards mean'?

 

So like it's crap? Or like 'it is made in a way that follows the riscv uarch' and is crap?

 

EDIT: saw the proposed design criteria... sub 500 MHz low power devices where process control is far more important than performance/efficiency. Ok, I can understand that now, but like... no one would ever willingly choose this compared to current ultra-low cost offerings. Even within India. But hey, I shouldn't be so hasty. Most research uprocessor designs like this are.

Rome wasn't built in a day. I think RISC V has bright future. 

[ZacoAttaco]

Would mobile computing devices include laptops or notebooks? If not, what are CPUs specifically designed for laptops/notebooks called?

[ujjwall]

Quote

According to IITM, Shakti processor family targets clock speeds to suit various end-user application devices such as various consumer electronic devices, mobile computing devices, embedded low-power wireless systems and networking systems, among others.

I think mostly IoT devices. 

[avg123]

Maybe make router processors? Routers are low power devices and compromised hardware in a router can have significant security issues. Most routers are Chinese made, the hardware and software also designed in China by Chinese companies.

 

Also everybody needs routers. So it would also sell well.

[williamcll]

Does the RISCV get paid for this?

[The Benjamins]

6 hours ago, ujjwall said:

 

Go open source go

 

I feel going open source is hyped and praised too much, their are great examples why open source software struggles to out preform closed source.

 

Linux and android are great examples of what is wrong with open source, their greatest strength is also its greatest weakness. due to the nature of open source it will never be as approachable or inviting to new users. There are also too many variations of the "same" thing, example almost each android phone has a different OS feel. Also Open Source projects can never have the drive and financial backing like a closed source thing.

 

I don't believe open source is the one stop solution for stuff in the tech space.

[ujjwall]

33 minutes ago, The Benjamins said:

 

I feel going open source is hyped and praised too much, their are great examples why open source software struggles to out preform closed source.

 

Linux and android are great examples of what is wrong with open source, their greatest strength is also its greatest weakness. due to the nature of open source it will never be as approachable or inviting to new users. There are also too many variations of the "same" thing, example almost each android phone has a different OS feel. Also Open Source projects can never have the drive and financial backing like a closed source thing.

 

I don't believe open source is the one stop solution for stuff in the tech space.

Open source bring many player of different level to the game which in turn brings innovation to the table. 

[BuckGup]

1 hour ago, williamcll said:

Does the RISCV get paid for this?

It's open source

[AnonymousGuy]

I'll just quote what someone else wrote in July about this.  TLDR: they didn't really accomplish anything of significance and are probably being stupid for not licensing something that's already available.

 

Quote

 

The current CPUs in this space (IoT, Smart Cards, and Security Applications) are the ATMega AVR series, the ARM Cortex M0/M0+ and a handful of others like the PIC32 and the MSP series from TI.

Designing the logic for such a CPU is an undergraduate exercise. It is "easy" in the sense that if you have been taught VHDL or Verilog, and someone hands you a RISC style instruction set architecture which defines the registers, instructions, and flags. A group of students should be able to get something working in a semester which simulates on a VHDL test bench

 

 

[Syntaxvgm]

10 hours ago, ujjwall said:

Rome wasn't built in a day. I think RISC V has bright future. 

Neither were all the x86 instructions 

Spoiler

Original 8086/8088 instructions[edit]

Original 8086/8088 instruction set

Instruction	Meaning	Notes	Opcode
AAA	ASCII adjust AL after addition	used with unpacked binary coded decimal	0x37
AAD	ASCII adjust AX before division	8086/8088 datasheet documents only base 10 version of the AAD instruction (opcode 0xD5 0x0A), but any other base will work. Later Intel's documentation has the generic form too. NEC V20 and V30 (and possibly other NEC V-series CPUs) always use base 10, and ignore the argument, causing a number of incompatibilities	0xD5
AAM	ASCII adjust AX after multiplication	Only base 10 version (Operand is 0xA) is documented, see notes for AAD	0xD4
AAS	ASCII adjust AL after subtraction		0x3F
ADC	Add with carry	destination := destination + source + carry_flag	0x10…0x15, 0x80/2…0x83/2
ADD	Add	(1) r/m += r/imm; (2) r += m/imm;	0x00…0x05, 0x80/0…0x83/0
AND	Logical AND	(1) r/m &= r/imm; (2) r &= m/imm;	0x20…0x25, 0x80/4…0x83/4
CALL	Call procedure	push eip; eip points to the instruction directly after the call	0x9A, 0xE8, 0xFF/2, 0xFF/3
CBW	Convert byte to word		0x98
CLC	Clear carry flag	CF = 0;	0xF8
CLD	Clear direction flag	DF = 0;	0xFC
CLI	Clear interrupt flag	IF = 0;	0xFA
CMC	Complement carry flag		0xF5
CMP	Compare operands		0x38…0x3D, 0x80/7…0x83/7
CMPSB	Compare bytes in memory		0xA6
CMPSW	Compare words		0xA7
CWD	Convert word to doubleword		0x99
DAA	Decimal adjust AL after addition	(used with packed binary coded decimal)	0x27
DAS	Decimal adjust AL after subtraction		0x2F
DEC	Decrement by 1		0x48, 0xFE/1, 0xFF/1
DIV	Unsigned divide	DX:AX = DX:AX / r/m; resulting DX == remainder	0xF6/6, 0xF7/6
ESC	Used with floating-point unit
HLT	Enter halt state		0xF4
IDIV	Signed divide	DX:AX = DX:AX / r/m; resulting DX == remainder	0xF6/7, 0xF7/7
IMUL	Signed multiply	(1) DX:AX = AX * r/m; (2) AX = AL * r/m	0x69, 0x6B, 0xF6/5, 0xF7/5, 0x0FAF
IN	Input from port	(1) AL = port[imm]; (2) AL = port[DX]; (3) AX = port[DX];	0xE4, 0xE5, 0xEC, 0xED
INC	Increment by 1		0x40, 0xFE/0, 0xFF/0
INT	Call to interrupt		0xCD
INTO	Call to interrupt if overflow		0xCE
IRET	Return from interrupt		0xCF
Jcc	Jump if condition	(JA, JAE, JB, JBE, JC, JE, JG, JGE, JL, JLE, JNA, JNAE, JNB, JNBE, JNC, JNE, JNG, JNGE, JNL, JNLE, JNO, JNP, JNS, JNZ, JO, JP, JPE, JPO, JS, JZ)	0x70…0x7F, 0xE3, 0x0F83, 0x0F87
JCXZ	Jump if CX is zero		0xE3
JMP	Jump		0xE9…0xEB, 0xFF/4, 0xFF/5
LAHF	Load FLAGS into AH register		0x9F
LDS	Load pointer using DS		0xC5
LEA	Load Effective Address		0x8D
LES	Load ES with pointer		0xC4
LOCK	Assert BUS LOCK# signal	(for multiprocessing)	0xF0
LODSB	Load string byte	if (DF==0) AL = *SI++; else AL = *SI--;	0xAC
LODSW	Load string word	if (DF==0) AX = *SI++; else AX = *SI--;	0xAD
LOOP/LOOPx	Loop control	(LOOPE, LOOPNE, LOOPNZ, LOOPZ) if (x && --CX) goto lbl;	0xE0..0xE2
MOV	Move	copies data from one location to another, (1) r/m = r; (2) r = r/m;
MOVSB	Move byte from string to string	if (DF==0) *(byte*)DI++ = *(byte*)SI++; else *(byte*)DI-- = *(byte*)SI--;	0xA4
MOVSW	Move word from string to string	if (DF==0) *(word*)DI++ = *(word*)SI++; else *(word*)DI-- = *(word*)SI--;	0xA5
MUL	Unsigned multiply	(1) DX:AX = AX * r/m; (2) AX = AL * r/m;
NEG	Two's complement negation	r/m *= -1;
NOP	No operation	opcode equivalent to XCHG EAX, EAX	0x90
NOT	Negate the operand, logical NOT	r/m ^= -1;
OR	Logical OR	(1) r/m |= r/imm; (2) r |= m/imm;
OUT	Output to port	(1) port[imm] = AL; (2) port[DX] = AL; (3) port[DX] = AX;
POP	Pop data from stack	r/m = *SP++; POP CS (opcode 0x0F) works only on 8086/8088. Later CPUs use 0x0F as a prefix for newer instructions.
POPF	Pop FLAGS register from stack	FLAGS = *SP++;	0x9D
PUSH	Push data onto stack	*--SP = r/m;
PUSHF	Push FLAGS onto stack	*--SP = FLAGS;	0x9C
RCL	Rotate left (with carry)
RCR	Rotate right (with carry)
REPxx	Repeat MOVS/STOS/CMPS/LODS/SCAS	(REP, REPE, REPNE, REPNZ, REPZ)
RET	Return from procedure	Not a real instruction. The assembler will translate these to a RETN or a RETF depending on the memory model of the target system.
RETN	Return from near procedure
RETF	Return from far procedure
ROL	Rotate left
ROR	Rotate right
SAHF	Store AH into FLAGS		0x9E
SAL	Shift Arithmetically left (signed shift left)	(1) r/m <<= 1; (2) r/m <<= CL;
SAR	Shift Arithmetically right (signed shift right)	(1) (signed) r/m >>= 1; (2) (signed) r/m >>= CL;
SBB	Subtraction with borrow	alternative 1-byte encoding of SBB AL, AL is available via undocumented SALC instruction
SCASB	Compare byte string		0xAE
SCASW	Compare word string		0xAF
SHL	Shift left (unsigned shift left)
SHR	Shift right (unsigned shift right)
STC	Set carry flag	CF = 1;	0xF9
STD	Set direction flag	DF = 1;	0xFD
STI	Set interrupt flag	IF = 1;	0xFB
STOSB	Store byte in string	if (DF==0) *ES:DI++ = AL; else *ES:DI-- = AL;	0xAA
STOSW	Store word in string	if (DF==0) *ES:DI++ = AX; else *ES:DI-- = AX;	0xAB
SUB	Subtraction	(1) r/m -= r/imm; (2) r -= m/imm;
TEST	Logical compare (AND)	(1) r/m & r/imm; (2) r & m/imm;
WAIT	Wait until not busy	Waits until BUSY# pin is inactive (used with floating-point unit)	0x9B
XCHG	Exchange data	r :=: r/m; A spinlock typically uses xchg as an atomic operation. (coma bug).
XLAT	Table look-up translation	behaves like MOV AL, [BX+AL]	0xD7
XOR	Exclusive OR	(1) r/m ^= r/imm; (2) r ^= m/imm;

Added in specific processors[edit]

Added with 80186/80188[edit]

Instruction	Meaning	Notes
BOUND	Check array index against bounds	raises software interrupt 5 if test fails
ENTER	Enter stack frame	Modifies stack for entry to procedure for high level language. Takes two operands: the amount of storage to be allocated on the stack and the nesting level of the procedure.
INS	Input from port to string	equivalent to IN (E)AX, DX MOV ES:[(E)DI], (E)AX ; adjust (E)DI according to operand size and DF
LEAVE	Leave stack frame	Releases the local stack storage created by the previous ENTER instruction.
OUTS	Output string to port	equivalent to MOV (E)AX, DS:[(E)SI] OUT DX, (E)AX ; adjust (E)SI according to operand size and DF
POPA	Pop all general purpose registers from stack	equivalent to POP DI POP SI POP BP POP AX ;no POP SP here, only ADD SP,2 POP BX POP DX POP CX POP AX
PUSHA	Push all general purpose registers onto stack	equivalent to PUSH AX PUSH CX PUSH DX PUSH BX PUSH SP ; The value stored is the initial SP value PUSH BP PUSH SI PUSH DI
PUSH immediate	Push an immediate byte/word value onto the stack	equivalent to PUSH 12h PUSH 1200h
IMUL immediate	Signed multiplication of immediate byte/word value	equivalent to IMUL BX,12h IMUL DX,1200h IMUL CX, DX, 12h IMUL BX, SI, 1200h IMUL DI, word ptr [BX+SI], 12h IMUL SI, word ptr [BP-4], 1200h
SHL/SHR/SAL/SAR/ROL/ROR/RCL/RCR immediate	Rotate/shift bits with an immediate value greater than 1	equivalent to ROL AX,3 SHR BL,3

Added with 80286[edit]

Instruction	Meaning	Notes
ARPL	Adjust RPL field of selector
CLTS	Clear task-switched flag in register CR0
LAR	Load access rights byte
LGDT	Load global descriptor table
LIDT	Load interrupt descriptor table
LLDT	Load local descriptor table
LMSW	Load machine status word
LOADALL	Load all CPU registers, including internal ones such as GDT	Undocumented, 80286 and 80386 only
LSL	Load segment limit
LTR	Load task register
SGDT	Store global descriptor table
SIDT	Store interrupt descriptor table
SLDT	Store local descriptor table
SMSW	Store machine status word
STR	Store task register
VERR	Verify a segment for reading
VERW	Verify a segment for writing

Added with 80386[edit]

Instruction	Meaning	Notes
BSF	Bit scan forward
BSR	Bit scan reverse
BT	Bit test
BTC	Bit test and complement
BTR	Bit test and reset
BTS	Bit test and set
CDQ	Convert double-word to quad-word	Sign-extends EAX into EDX, forming the quad-word EDX:EAX. Since (I)DIV uses EDX:EAX as its input, CDQ must be called after setting EAX if EDX is not manually initialized (as in 64/32 division) before (I)DIV.
CMPSD	Compare string double-word	Compares ES:[(E)DI] with DS:[(E)SI] and increments or decrements both (E)DI and (E)SI, depending on DF; can be prefixed with REP
CWDE	Convert word to double-word	Unlike CWD, CWDE sign-extends AX to EAX instead of AX to DX:AX
IBTS	Insert Bit String	discontinued with B1 step of 80386
INSD	Input from port to string double-word
IRETx	Interrupt return; D suffix means 32-bit return, F suffix means do not generate epilogue code (i.e. LEAVE instruction)	Use IRETD rather than IRET in 32-bit situations
JECXZ	Jump if ECX is zero
LFS, LGS	Load far pointer
LSS	Load stack segment
LODSD	Load string double-word	EAX = *ES:EDI±±; (±± depends on DF, ES cannot be overridden); can be prefixed with REP
LOOPW, LOOPccW	Loop, conditional loop	Same as LOOP, LOOPcc for earlier processors
LOOPD, LOOPccD	Loop while equal	if (cc && --ECX) goto lbl;, cc = Z(ero), E(qual), NonZero, N(on)E(qual)
MOV to/from CR/DR/TR	Move to/from special registers	CR=control registers, DR=debug registers, TR=test registers (up to 80486)
MOVSD	Move string double-word	*(dword*)ES:EDI±± = (dword*)ESI±±; (±± depends on DF); can be prefixed with REP
MOVSX	Move with sign-extension	(long)r = (signed char) r/m; and similar
MOVZX	Move with zero-extension	(long)r = (unsigned char) r/m; and similar
OUTSD	Output to port from string double-word	port[DX] = *(long*)ESI±±; (±± depends on DF)
POPAD	Pop all double-word (32-bit) registers from stack	Does not pop register ESP off of stack
POPFD	Pop data into EFLAGS register
PUSHAD	Push all double-word (32-bit) registers onto stack
PUSHFD	Push EFLAGS register onto stack
SCASD	Scan string data double-word	Compares ES:[(E)DI] with EAX and increments or decrements (E)DI, depending on DF; can be prefixed with REP
SETcc	Set byte to one on condition, zero otherwise	(SETA, SETAE, SETB, SETBE, SETC, SETE, SETG, SETGE, SETL, SETLE, SETNA, SETNAE, SETNB, SETNBE, SETNC, SETNE, SETNG, SETNGE, SETNL, SETNLE, SETNO, SETNP, SETNS, SETNZ, SETO, SETP, SETPE, SETPO, SETS, SETZ)
SHLD	Shift left double-word
SHRD	Shift right double-word	r1 = r1>>CL ∣ r2<<(32-CL); Instead of CL, immediate 1 can be used
STOSD	Store string double-word	*ES:EDI±± = EAX; (±± depends on DF, ES cannot be overridden); can be prefixed with REP
XBTS	Extract Bit String	discontinued with B1 step of 80386

Added with 80486[edit]

Instruction	Meaning	Notes
BSWAP	Byte Swap	r = r<<24 | r<<8&0x00FF0000 | r>>8&0x0000FF00 | r>>24; Only defined for 32-bit registers. Usually used to change between little endian and big endian representations. When used with 16-bit registers produces various different results on 486,[2] 586, and Bochs/QEMU.[3]
CMPXCHG	atomic CoMPare and eXCHanGe	See Compare-and-swap / on later 80386 as undocumented opcode available
INVD	Invalidate Internal Caches	Flush internal caches
INVLPG	Invalidate TLB Entry	Invalidate TLB Entry for page that contains data specified
WBINVD	Write Back and Invalidate Cache	Writes back all modified cache lines in the processor's internal cache to main memory and invalidates the internal caches.
XADD	eXchange and ADD	Exchanges the first operand with the second operand, then loads the sum of the two values into the destination operand.

Added with Pentium[edit]

Instruction	Meaning	Notes
CPUID	CPU IDentification	Returns data regarding processor identification and features, and returns data to the EAX, EBX, ECX, and EDX registers. Instruction functions specified by the EAX register.[1] This was also added to later 80486 processors
CMPXCHG8B	CoMPare and eXCHanGe 8 bytes	Compare EDX:EAX with m64. If equal, set ZF and load ECX:EBX into m64. Else, clear ZF and load m64 into EDX:EAX.
RDMSR	ReaD from Model-specific register	Load MSR specified by ECX into EDX:EAX
RDTSC	ReaD Time Stamp Counter	Returns the number of processor ticks since the processor being "ONLINE" (since the last power on of system)
WRMSR	WRite to Model-Specific Register	Write the value in EDX:EAX to MSR specified by ECX
RSM[4]	Resume from System Management Mode	This was introduced by the i386SL and later and is also in the i486SL and later. Resumes from System Management Mode (SMM)

Added with Pentium MMX[edit]

Instruction	Meaning	Notes
RDPMC	Read the PMC [Performance Monitoring Counter]	Specified in the ECX register into registers EDX:EAX

Also MMX registers and MMX support instructions were added. They are usable for both integer and floating point operations, see below.

Added with AMD K6[edit]

Instruction	Meaning	Notes
SYSCALL		functionally equivalent to SYSENTER
SYSRET		functionally equivalent to SYSEXIT

AMD changed the CPUID detection bit for this feature from the K6-II on.

Added with Pentium Pro[edit]

Instruction	Meaning	Notes
CMOVcc	Conditional move	(CMOVA, CMOVAE, CMOVB, CMOVBE, CMOVC, CMOVE, CMOVG, CMOVGE, CMOVL, CMOVLE, CMOVNA, CMOVNAE, CMOVNB, CMOVNBE, CMOVNC, CMOVNE, CMOVNG, CMOVNGE, CMOVNL, CMOVNLE, CMOVNO, CMOVNP, CMOVNS, CMOVNZ, CMOVO, CMOVP, CMOVPE, CMOVPO, CMOVS, CMOVZ)
UD2	Undefined Instruction	Generates an invalid opcode. This instruction is provided for software testing to explicitly generate an invalid opcode. The opcode for this instruction is reserved for this purpose.

Added with Pentium II[edit]

Instruction	Meaning	Notes
SYSENTER	SYStem call ENTER	Sometimes called the Fast System Call instruction, this instruction was intended to increase the performance of operating system calls. Note that on the Pentium Pro, the CPUID instruction incorrectly reports these instructions as available.
SYSEXIT	SYStem call EXIT

Added with SSE[edit]

Instruction	Opcode	Meaning	Notes
MASKMOVQ mm1, mm2	0F F7 /r	Masked Move of Quadword	Selectively write bytes from mm1 to memory location using the byte mask in mm2
MOVNTPS m128, xmm1	0F 2B /r	Move Aligned Four Packed Single-FP Non Temporal	Move packed single-precision floating-point values from xmm1 to m128, minimizing pollution in the cache hierarchy.
MOVNTQ m64, mm	0F E7 /r	Move Quadword Using Non-Temporal Hint
NOP r/m16	0F 1F /0	Multi-byte no-operation instruction.
NOP r/m32
PREFETCHT0	0F 18 /1	Prefetch Data from Address	Prefetch into all cache levels
PREFETCHT1	0F 18 /2	Prefetch Data from Address	Prefetch into all cache levels EXCEPT[5][6] L1
PREFETCHT2	0F 18 /3	Prefetch Data from Address	Prefetch into all cache levels EXCEPT L1 and L2
PREFETCHNTA	0F 18 /0	Prefetch Data from Address	Prefetch to non-temporal cache structure, minimizing cache pollution.
SFENCE	0F AE F8	Store Fence	Processor hint to make sure all store operations that took place prior to the SFENCE call are globally visible

Added with SSE2[edit]

Instruction	Opcode	Meaning	Notes
CLFLUSH m8	0F AE /7	Cache Line Flush	Invalidates the cache line that contains the linear address specified with the source operand from all levels of the processor cache hierarchy
LFENCE	0F AE E8	Load Fence	Serializes load operations.
MFENCE	0F AE F0	Memory Fence	Performs a serializing operation on all load and store instructions that were issued prior the MFENCE instruction.
MOVNTI m32, r32	0F C3 /r	Move Doubleword Non-Temporal	Move doubleword from r32 to m32, minimizing pollution in the cache hierarchy.
PAUSE	F3 90	Spin Loop Hint	Provides a hint to the processor that the following code is a spin loop, for cacheability

Added with SSE3[edit]

Instruction	Meaning	Notes
MONITOR EAX, ECX, EDX	Setup Monitor Address	Sets up a linear address range to be monitored by hardware and activates the monitor.
MWAIT EAX, ECX	Monitor Wait	Processor hint to stop instruction execution and enter an implementation-dependent optimized state until occurrence of a class of events.

Added with SSE4.2[edit]

Instruction	Opcode	Meaning	Notes
CRC32 r32, r/m8	F2 0F 38 F0 /r	Accumulate CRC32	Computes CRC value using the CRC-32C (Castagnoli) polynomial 0x11EDC6F41 (normal form 0x1EDC6F41). This is the polynomial used in iSCSI. In contrast to the more popular one used in Ethernet, its parity is even, and it can thus detect any error with an odd number of changed bits.
CRC32 r32, r/m8	F2 REX 0F 38 F0 /r
CRC32 r32, r/m16	F2 0F 38 F1 /r
CRC32 r32, r/m32	F2 0F 38 F1 /r
CRC32 r64, r/m8	F2 REX.W 0F 38 F0 /r
CRC32 r64, r/m64	F2 REX.W 0F 38 F1 /r
CRC32 r32, r/m8	F2 0F 38 F0 /r

Added with x86-64[edit]

Instruction	Meaning	Notes
CDQE	Sign extend EAX into RAX
CQO	Sign extend RAX into RDX:RAX
CMPSQ	CoMPare String Quadword
CMPXCHG16B	CoMPare and eXCHanGe 16 Bytes
IRETQ	64-bit Return from Interrupt
JRCXZ	Jump if RCX is zero
LODSQ	LoaD String Quadword
MOVSXD	MOV with Sign Extend 32-bit to 64-bit
POPFQ	POP RFLAGS Register
PUSHFQ	PUSH RFLAGS Register
RDTSCP	ReaD Time Stamp Counter and Processor ID
SCASQ	SCAn String Quadword
STOSQ	STOre String Quadword
SWAPGS	Exchange GS base with KernelGSBase MSR

Added with AMD-V[edit]

Instruction	Meaning	Notes	Opcode
CLGI	Clear Global Interrupt Flag	Clears the GIF	0x0F 0x01 0xDD
INVLPGA	Invalidate TLB entry in a specified ASID	Invalidates the TLB mapping for the virtual page specified in RAX and the ASID specified in ECX.	0x0F 0x01 0xDF
MOV(CRn)	Move to or from control registers	Moves 32- or 64-bit contents to control register and vice versa.	0x0F 0x22 or 0x0F 0x20
MOV(DRn)	Move to or from debug registers	Moves 32- or 64-bit contents to control register and vice versa.	0x0F 0x21 or 0x0F 0x23
SKINIT	Secure Init and Jump with Attestation	Verifiable startup of trusted software based on secure hash comparison	0x0F 0x01 0xDE
STGI	Set Global Interrupt Flag	Sets the GIF.	0x0F 0x01 0xDC
VMLOAD	Load state From VMCB	Loads a subset of processor state from the VMCB specified by the physical address in the RAX register.	0x0F 0x01 0xDA
VMMCALL	Call VMM	Used exclusively to communicate with VMM	0x0F 0x01 0xD9
VMRUN	Run virtual machine	Performs a switch to the guest OS.	0x0F 0x01 0xD8
VMSAVE	Save state To VMCB	Saves additional guest state to VMCB.	0x0F 0x01 0xDB

Added with Intel VT-x[edit]

Instruction	Meaning	Notes	Opcode
VMPTRLD	Load Pointer to Virtual-Machine Control Structure	Loads the current VMCS pointer from memory.	0x0F 0xC7/6
VMPTRST	Store Pointer to Virtual-Machine Control Structure	Stores the current-VMCS pointer into a specified memory address. The operand of this instruction is always 64 bits and is always in memory.	0x0F 0xC7/7
VMCLEAR	Clear Virtual-Machine Control Structure	Writes any cached data to the VMCS	0x66 0x0F 0xC7/6
VMREAD	Read Field from Virtual-Machine Control Structure	Reads out a field in the VMCS	0x0F 0x78
VMWRITE	Write Field to Virtual-Machine Control Structure	Modifies a field in the VMCS	0x0F 0x79
VMCALL	Call to VM Monitor	Calls VM Monitor function from Guest System	0x0F 0x01 0xC1
VMLAUNCH	Launch Virtual Machine	Launch virtual machine managed by current VMCS	0x0F 0x01 0xC2
VMRESUME	Resume Virtual Machine	Resume virtual machine managed by current VMCS	0x0F 0x01 0xC3
VMXOFF	Leave VMX Operation	Stops hardware supported virtualisation environment	0x0F 0x01 0xC4
VMXON	Enter VMX Operation	Enters hardware supported virtualisation environment	0xF3 0x0F 0xC7/6

Added with ABM[edit]

LZCNT, POPCNT (POPulation CouNT) - advanced bit manipulation

Added with BMI1[edit]

ANDN, BEXTR, BLSI, BLSMSK, BLSR, TZCNT

Added with BMI2[edit]

BZHI, MULX, PDEP, PEXT, RORX, SARX, SHRX, SHLX

Added with TBM[edit]

BEXTR, BLCFILL, BLCI, BLCIC, BLCMASK, BLCS, BLSFILL, BLSIC, T1MSKC, TZMSK

x87 floating-point instructions[edit]

Original 8087 instructions[edit]

Instruction	Meaning	Notes
F2XM1	{\displaystyle 2^{x}-1}	more precise than {\displaystyle 2^{x}} for x close to zero
FABS	Absolute value
FADD	Add
FADDP	Add and pop
FBLD	Load BCD
FBSTP	Store BCD and pop
FCHS	Change sign
FCLEX	Clear exceptions
FCOM	Compare
FCOMP	Compare and pop
FCOMPP	Compare and pop twice
FDECSTP	Decrement floating point stack pointer
FDISI	Disable interrupts	8087 only, otherwise FNOP
FDIV	Divide	Pentium FDIV bug
FDIVP	Divide and pop
FDIVR	Divide reversed
FDIVRP	Divide reversed and pop
FENI	Enable interrupts	8087 only, otherwise FNOP
FFREE	Free register
FIADD	Integer add
FICOM	Integer compare
FICOMP	Integer compare and pop
FIDIV	Integer divide
FIDIVR	Integer divide reversed
FILD	Load integer
FIMUL	Integer multiply
FINCSTP	Increment floating point stack pointer
FINIT	Initialize floating point processor
FIST	Store integer
FISTP	Store integer and pop
FISUB	Integer subtract
FISUBR	Integer subtract reversed
FLD	Floating point load
FLD1	Load 1.0 onto stack
FLDCW	Load control word
FLDENV	Load environment state
FLDENVW	Load environment state, 16-bit
FLDL2E	Load log2(e) onto stack
FLDL2T	Load log2(10) onto stack
FLDLG2	Load log10(2) onto stack
FLDLN2	Load ln(2) onto stack
FLDPI	Load π onto stack
FLDZ	Load 0.0 onto stack
FMUL	Multiply
FMULP	Multiply and pop
FNCLEX	Clear exceptions, no wait
FNDISI	Disable interrupts, no wait	8087 only, otherwise FNOP
FNENI	Enable interrupts, no wait	8087 only, otherwise FNOP
FNINIT	Initialize floating point processor, no wait
FNOP	No operation
FNSAVE	Save FPU state, no wait, 8-bit
FNSAVEW	Save FPU state, no wait, 16-bit
FNSTCW	Store control word, no wait
FNSTENV	Store FPU environment, no wait
FNSTENVW	Store FPU environment, no wait, 16-bit
FNSTSW	Store status word, no wait
FPATAN	Partial arctangent
FPREM	Partial remainder
FPTAN	Partial tangent
FRNDINT	Round to integer
FRSTOR	Restore saved state
FRSTORW	Restore saved state	Perhaps not actually available in 8087
FSAVE	Save FPU state
FSAVEW	Save FPU state, 16-bit
FSCALE	Scale by factor of 2
FSQRT	Square root
FST	Floating point store
FSTCW	Store control word
FSTENV	Store FPU environment
FSTENVW	Store FPU environment, 16-bit
FSTP	Store and pop
FSTSW	Store status word
FSUB	Subtract
FSUBP	Subtract and pop
FSUBR	Reverse subtract
FSUBRP	Reverse subtract and pop
FTST	Test for zero
FWAIT	Wait while FPU is executing
FXAM	Examine condition flags
FXCH	Exchange registers
FXTRACT	Extract exponent and significand
FYL2X	y · log2 x	if y = logb 2, then the base-b logarithm is computed
FYL2XP1	y · log2 (x+1)	more precise than log2 z if x is close to zero

Added in specific processors[edit]

Added with 80287[edit]

Instruction	Meaning	Notes
FSETPM	Set protected mode	80287 only, otherwise FNOP

Added with 80387[edit]

Instruction	Meaning	Notes
FCOS	Cosine
FLDENVD	Load environment state, 32-bit
FSAVED	Save FPU state, 32-bit
FSTENVD	Store FPU environment, 32-bit
FPREM1	Partial remainder	Computes IEEE remainder
FRSTORD	Restore saved state, 32-bit
FSIN	Sine
FSINCOS	Sine and cosine
FSTENVD	Store FPU environment, 32-bit
FUCOM	Unordered compare
FUCOMP	Unordered compare and pop
FUCOMPP	Unordered compare and pop twice

Added with Pentium Pro[edit]

• FCMOV variants: FCMOVB, FCMOVBE, FCMOVE, FCMOVNB, FCMOVNBE, FCMOVNE, FCMOVNU, FCMOVU
• FCOMI variants: FCOMI, FCOMIP, FUCOMI, FUCOMIP

Added with SSE[edit]

FXRSTOR, FXSAVE

These are also supported on later Pentium IIs which do not contain SSE support

Added with SSE3[edit]

FISTTP (x87 to integer conversion with truncation regardless of status word)

SIMD instructions[edit]

MMX instructions[edit]

MMX instructions operate on the mm registers, which are 64 bits wide. They are shared with the FPU registers.

Original MMX instructions[edit]

Added with Pentium MMX

Instruction	Opcode	Meaning	Notes
EMMS	0F 77	Empty MMX Technology State	Marks all x87 FPU registers for use by FPU
MOVD mm, r/m32	0F 6E /r	Move doubleword
MOVD r/m32, mm	0F 7E /r	Move doubleword
MOVQ mm/m64, mm	0F 7F /r	Move quadword
MOVQ mm, mm/m64	0F 6F /r	Move quadword
MOVQ mm, r/m64	REX.W + 0F 6E /r	Move quadword
MOVQ r/m64, mm	REX.W + 0F 7E /r	Move quadword
PACKSSDW mm1, mm2/m64	0F 6B /r	Pack doublewords to words (signed with saturation)
PACKSSWB mm1, mm2/m64	0F 63 /r	Pack words to bytes (signed with saturation)
PACKUSWB mm, mm/m64	0F 67 /r	Pack words to bytes (unsigned with saturation)
PADDB mm, mm/m64	0F FC /r	Add packed byte integers
PADDW mm, mm/m64	0F FD /r	Add packed word integers
PADDD mm, mm/m64	0F FE /r	Add packed doubleword integers
PADDQ mm, mm/m64	0F D4 /r	Add packed quadword integers
PADDSB mm, mm/m64	0F EC /r	Add packed signed byte integers and saturate
PADDSW mm, mm/m64	0F ED /r	Add packed signed word integers and saturate
PADDUSB mm, mm/m64	0F DC /r	Add packed unsigned byte integers and saturate
PADDUSW mm, mm/m64	0F DD /r	Add packed unsigned word integers and saturate
PAND mm, mm/m64	0F DB /r	Bitwise AND
PANDN mm, mm/m64	0F DF /r	Bitwise AND NOT
POR mm, mm/m64	0F EB /r	Bitwise OR
PXOR mm, mm/m64	0F EF /r	Bitwise XOR
PCMPEQB mm, mm/m64	0F 74 /r	Compare packed bytes for equality
PCMPEQW mm, mm/m64	0F 75 /r	Compare packed words for equality
PCMPEQD mm, mm/m64	0F 76 /r	Compare packed doublewords for equality
PCMPGTB mm, mm/m64	0F 64 /r	Compare packed signed byte integers for greater than
PCMPGTW mm, mm/m64	0F 65 /r	Compare packed signed word integers for greater than
PCMPGTD mm, mm/m64	0F 66 /r	Compare packed signed doubleword integers for greater than
PMADDWD mm, mm/m64	0F F5 /r	Multiply packed words, add adjacent doubleword results
PMULHW mm, mm/m64	0F E5 /r	Multiply packed signed word integers, store high 16 bits of results
PMULLW mm, mm/m64	0F D5 /r	Multiply packed signed word integers, store low 16 bits of results
PSLLW mm1, imm8	0F 71 /6 ib	Shift left words, shift in zeros
PSLLW mm, mm/m64	0F F1 /r	Shift left words, shift in zeros
PSLLD mm, imm8	0F 72 /6 ib	Shift left doublewords, shift in zeros
PSLLD mm, mm/m64	0F F2 /r	Shift left doublewords, shift in zeros
PSLLQ mm, imm8	0F 73 /6 ib	Shift left quadword, shift in zeros
PSLLQ mm, mm/m64	0F F3 /r	Shift left quadword, shift in zeros
PSRAD mm, imm8	0F 72 /4 ib	Shift right doublewords, shift in sign bits
PSRAD mm, mm/m64	0F E2 /r	Shift right doublewords, shift in sign bits
PSRAW mm, imm8	0F 71 /4 ib	Shift right words, shift in sign bits
PSRAW mm, mm/m64	0F E1 /r	Shift right words, shift in sign bits
PSRLW mm, imm8	0F 71 /2 ib	Shift right words, shift in zeros
PSRLW mm, mm/m64	0F D1 /r	Shift right words, shift in zeros
PSRLD mm, imm8	0F 72 /2 ib	Shift right doublewords, shift in zeros
PSRLD mm, mm/m64	0F D2 /r	Shift right doublewords, shift in zeros
PSRLQ mm, imm8	0F 73 /2 ib	Shift right quadword, shift in zeros
PSRLQ mm, mm/m64	0F D3 /r	Shift right quadword, shift in zeros
PSUBB mm, mm/m64	0F F8 /r	Subtract packed byte integers
PSUBW mm, mm/m64	0F F9 /r	Subtract packed word integers
PSUBD mm, mm/m64	0F FA /r	Subtract packed doubleword integers
PSUBSB mm, mm/m64	0F E8 /r	Subtract signed packed bytes with saturation
PSUBSW mm, mm/m64	0F E9 /r	Subtract signed packed words with saturation
PSUBUSB mm, mm/m64	0F D8 /r	Subtract unsigned packed bytes with saturation
PSUBUSW mm, mm/m64	0F D9 /r	Subtract unsigned packed words with saturation
PUNPCKHBW mm, mm/m64	0F 68 /r	Unpack and interleave high-order bytes
PUNPCKHWD mm, mm/m64	0F 69 /r	Unpack and interleave high-order words
PUNPCKHDQ mm, mm/m64	0F 6A /r	Unpack and interleave high-order doublewords
PUNPCKLBW mm, mm/m32	0F 60 /r	Unpack and interleave low-order bytes
PUNPCKLWD mm, mm/m32	0F 61 /r	Unpack and interleave low-order words
PUNPCKLDQ mm, mm/m32	0F 62 /r	Unpack and interleave low-order doublewords

MMX instructions added in specific processors[edit]

EMMI instructions[edit]

Added with 6x86MX from Cyrix, deprecated now

PAVEB, PADDSIW, PMAGW, PDISTIB, PSUBSIW, PMVZB, PMULHRW, PMVNZB, PMVLZB, PMVGEZB, PMULHRIW, PMACHRIW

MMX instructions added with MMX+ and SSE[edit]

The following MMX instruction were added with SSE. They are also available on the Athlon under the name MMX+.

Instruction	Opcode	Meaning
PSHUFW mm1, mm2/m64, imm8	0F 70 /r ib	Shuffle Packed Words
PINSRW mm, r32/m16, imm8	0F C4 /r	Insert Word
PEXTRW reg, mm, imm8	0F C5 /r	Extract Word
PMOVMSKB reg, mm	0F D7 /r	Move Byte Mask
PMINUB mm1, mm2/m64	0F DA /r	Minimum of Packed Unsigned Byte Integers
PMAXUB mm1, mm2/m64	0F DE /r	Maximum of Packed Unsigned Byte Integers
PAVGB mm1, mm2/m64	0F E0 /r	Average Packed Integers
PAVGW mm1, mm2/m64	0F E3 /r	Average Packed Integers
PMULHUW mm1, mm2/m64	0F E4 /r	Multiply Packed Unsigned Integers and Store High Result
PMINSW mm1, mm2/m64	0F EA /r	Minimum of Packed Signed Word Integers
PMAXSW mm1, mm2/m64	0F EE /r	Maximum of Packed Signed Word Integers
PSADBW mm1, mm2/m64	0F F6 /r	Compute Sum of Absolute Differences

MMX instructions added with SSE2[edit]

The following MMX instructions were added with SSE2:

Instruction	Opcode	Meaning
PSUBQ mm1, mm2/m64	0F FB /r	Subtract quadword integer
PMULUDQ mm1, mm2/m64	0F F4 /r	Multiply unsigned doubleword integer

MMX instructions added with SSSE3[edit]

Instruction	Opcode	Meaning
PSIGNB mm1, mm2/m64	0F 38 08 /r	Negate/zero/preserve packed byte integers depending on corresponding sign
PSIGNW mm1, mm2/m64	0F 38 09 /r	Negate/zero/preserve packed word integers depending on corresponding sign
PSIGND mm1, mm2/m64	0F 38 0A /r	Negate/zero/preserve packed doubleword integers depending on corresponding sign
PSHUFB mm1, mm2/m64	0F 38 00 /r	Shuffle bytes
PMULHRSW mm1, mm2/m64	0F 38 0B /r	Multiply 16-bit signed words, scale and round signed doublewords, pack high 16 bits
PMADDUBSW mm1, mm2/m64	0F 38 04 /r	Multiply signed and unsigned bytes, add horizontal pair of signed words, pack saturated signed-words
PHSUBW mm1, mm2/m64	0F 38 05 /r	Subtract and pack 16-bit signed integers horizontally
PHSUBSW mm1, mm2/m64	0F 38 07 /r	Subtract and pack 16-bit signed integer horizontally with saturation
PHSUBD mm1, mm2/m64	0F 38 06 /r	Subtract and pack 32-bit signed integers horizontally
PHADDSW mm1, mm2/m64	0F 38 03 /r	Add and pack 16-bit signed integers horizontally, pack saturated integers to mm1.
PHADDW mm1, mm2/m64	0F 38 01 /r	Add and pack 16-bit integers horizontally
PHADDD mm1, mm2/m64	0F 38 02 /r	Add and pack 32-bit integers horizontally
PALIGNR mm1, mm2/m64, imm8	0F 3A 0F /r ib	Concatenate destination and source operands, extract byte-aligned result shifted to the right
PABSB mm1, mm2/m64	0F 38 1C /r	Compute the absolute value of bytes and store unsigned result
PABSW mm1, mm2/m64	0F 38 1D /r	Compute the absolute value of 16-bit integers and store unsigned result
PABSD mm1, mm2/m64	0F 38 1E /r	Compute the absolute value of 32-bit integers and store unsigned result

3DNow! instructions[edit]

Added with K6-2

FEMMS, PAVGUSB, PF2ID, PFACC, PFADD, PFCMPEQ, PFCMPGE, PFCMPGT, PFMAX, PFMIN, PFMUL, PFRCP, PFRCPIT1, PFRCPIT2, PFRSQIT1, PFRSQRT, PFSUB, PFSUBR, PI2FD, PMULHRW, PREFETCH, PREFETCHW

3DNow!+ instructions[edit]

Added with Athlon and K6-2+[edit]

PF2IW, PFNACC, PFPNACC, PI2FW, PSWAPD

Added with Geode GX[edit]

PFRSQRTV, PFRCPV

SSE instructions[edit]

Added with Pentium III

SSE instructions operate on xmm registers, which are 128 bit wide.

SSE consists of the following SSE SIMD floating-point instructions:

Instruction	Opcode	Meaning
ANDPS* xmm1, xmm2/m128	0F 54 /r	Bitwise Logical AND of Packed Single-Precision Floating-Point Values
ANDNPS* xmm1, xmm2/m128	0F 55 /r	Bitwise Logical AND NOT of Packed Single-Precision Floating-Point Values
ORPS* xmm1, xmm2/m128	0F 56 /r	Bitwise Logical OR of Single-Precision Floating-Point Values
XORPS* xmm1, xmm2/m128	0F 57 /r	Bitwise Logical XOR for Single-Precision Floating-Point Values
MOVUPS xmm1, xmm2/m128	0F 10 /r	Move Unaligned Packed Single-Precision Floating-Point Values
MOVSS xmm1, xmm2/m32	F3 0F 10 /r	Move Scalar Single-Precision Floating-Point Values
MOVUPS xmm2/m128, xmm1	0F 11 /r	Move Unaligned Packed Single-Precision Floating-Point Values
MOVSS xmm2/m32, xmm1	F3 0F 11 /r	Move Scalar Single-Precision Floating-Point Values
MOVLPS xmm, m64	0F 12 /r	Move Low Packed Single-Precision Floating-Point Values
MOVHLPS xmm1, xmm2	0F 12 /r	Move Packed Single-Precision Floating-Point Values High to Low
MOVLPS m64, xmm	0F 13 /r	Move Low Packed Single-Precision Floating-Point Values
UNPCKLPS xmm1, xmm2/m128	0F 14 /r	Unpack and Interleave Low Packed Single-Precision Floating-Point Values
UNPCKHPS xmm1, xmm2/m128	0F 15 /r	Unpack and Interleave High Packed Single-Precision Floating-Point Values
MOVHPS xmm, m64	0F 16 /r	Move High Packed Single-Precision Floating-Point Values
MOVLHPS xmm1, xmm2	0F 16 /r	Move Packed Single-Precision Floating-Point Values Low to High
MOVHPS m64, xmm	0F 17 /r	Move High Packed Single-Precision Floating-Point Values
MOVAPS xmm1, xmm2/m128	0F 28 /r	Move Aligned Packed Single-Precision Floating-Point Values
MOVAPS xmm2/m128, xmm1	0F 29 /r	Move Aligned Packed Single-Precision Floating-Point Values
MOVMSKPS reg, xmm	0F 50 /r	Extract Packed Single-Precision Floating-Point 4-bit Sign Mask. The upper bits of the register are filled with zeros.
CVTPI2PS xmm, mm/m64	0F 2A /r	Convert Packed Dword Integers to Packed Single-Precision FP Values
CVTSI2SS xmm, r/m32	F3 0F 2A /r	Convert Dword Integer to Scalar Single-Precision FP Value
CVTSI2SS xmm, r/m64	F3 REX.W 0F 2A /r	Convert Qword Integer to Scalar Single-Precision FP Value
MOVNTPS m128, xmm	0F 2B /r	Store Packed Single-Precision Floating-Point Values Using Non-Temporal Hint
CVTTPS2PI mm, xmm/m64	0F 2C /r	Convert with Truncation Packed Single-Precision FP Values to Packed Dword Integers
CVTTSS2SI r32, xmm/m32	F3 0F 2C /r	Convert with Truncation Scalar Single-Precision FP Value to Dword Integer
CVTTSS2SI r64, xmm1/m32	F3 REX.W 0F 2C /r	Convert with Truncation Scalar Single-Precision FP Value to Qword Integer
CVTPS2PI mm, xmm/m64	0F 2D /r	Convert Packed Single-Precision FP Values to Packed Dword Integers
CVTSS2SI r32, xmm/m32	F3 0F 2D /r	Convert Scalar Single-Precision FP Value to Dword Integer
CVTSS2SI r64, xmm1/m32	F3 REX.W 0F 2D /r	Convert Scalar Single-Precision FP Value to Qword Integer
UCOMISS xmm1, xmm2/m32	0F 2E /r	Unordered Compare Scalar Single-Precision Floating-Point Values and Set EFLAGS
COMISS xmm1, xmm2/m32	0F 2F /r	Compare Scalar Ordered Single-Precision Floating-Point Values and Set EFLAGS
SQRTPS xmm1, xmm2/m128	0F 51 /r	Compute Square Roots of Packed Single-Precision Floating-Point Values
SQRTSS xmm1, xmm2/m32	F3 0F 51 /r	Compute Square Root of Scalar Single-Precision Floating-Point Value
RSQRTPS xmm1, xmm2/m128	0F 52 /r	Compute Reciprocal of Square Root of Packed Single-Precision Floating-Point Value
RSQRTSS xmm1, xmm2/m32	F3 0F 52 /r	Compute Reciprocal of Square Root of Scalar Single-Precision Floating-Point Value
RCPPS xmm1, xmm2/m128	0F 53 /r	Compute Reciprocal of Packed Single-Precision Floating-Point Values
RCPSS xmm1, xmm2/m32	F3 0F 53 /r	Compute Reciprocal of Scalar Single-Precision Floating-Point Values
ADDPS xmm1, xmm2/m128	0F 58 /r	Add Packed Single-Precision Floating-Point Values
ADDSS xmm1, xmm2/m32	F3 0F 58 /r	Add Scalar Single-Precision Floating-Point Values
MULPS xmm1, xmm2/m128	0F 59 /r	Multiply Packed Single-Precision Floating-Point Values
MULSS xmm1, xmm2/m32	F3 0F 59 /r	Multiply Scalar Single-Precision Floating-Point Values
SUBPS xmm1, xmm2/m128	0F 5C /r	Subtract Packed Single-Precision Floating-Point Values
SUBSS xmm1, xmm2/m32	F3 0F 5C /r	Subtract Scalar Single-Precision Floating-Point Values
MINPS xmm1, xmm2/m128	0F 5D /r	Return Minimum Packed Single-Precision Floating-Point Values
MINSS xmm1, xmm2/m32	F3 0F 5D /r	Return Minimum Scalar Single-Precision Floating-Point Values
DIVPS xmm1, xmm2/m128	0F 5E /r	Divide Packed Single-Precision Floating-Point Values
DIVSS xmm1, xmm2/m32	F3 0F 5E /r	Divide Scalar Single-Precision Floating-Point Values
MAXPS xmm1, xmm2/m128	0F 5F /r	Return Maximum Packed Single-Precision Floating-Point Values
MAXSS xmm1, xmm2/m32	F3 0F 5F /r	Return Maximum Scalar Single-Precision Floating-Point Values
LDMXCSR m32	0F AE /2	Load MXCSR Register State
STMXCSR m32	0F AE /3	Store MXCSR Register State
CMPPS xmm1, xmm2/m128, imm8	0F C2 /r ib	Compare Packed Single-Precision Floating-Point Values
CMPSS xmm1, xmm2/m32, imm8	F3 0F C2 /r ib	Compare Scalar Single-Precision Floating-Point Values
SHUFPS xmm1, xmm2/m128, imm8	0F C6 /r ib	Shuffle Packed Single-Precision Floating-Point Values

• The floating point single bitwise operations ANDPS, ANDNPS, ORPS and XORPS produce the same result as the SSE2 integer (PAND, PANDN, POR, PXOR) and double ones (ANDPD, ANDNPD, ORPD, XORPD), but can introduce extra latency for domain changes when applied values of the wrong type.^[7]

SSE2 instructions[edit]

Added with Pentium 4

SSE2 SIMD floating-point instructions[edit]

SSE2 data movement instructions[edit]

Instruction	Opcode	Meaning
MOVAPD xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F 28 /r	Move Aligned Packed Double-Precision Floating-Point Values
MOVAPD xmm2/m128, xmm1	66 0F 29 /r	Move Aligned Packed Double-Precision Floating-Point Values
MOVNTPD m128, xmm1	66 0F 2B /r	Store Packed Double-Precision Floating-Point Values Using Non-Temporal Hint
MOVHPD xmm1, m64	66 0F 16 /r	Move High Packed Double-Precision Floating-Point Value
MOVHPD m64, xmm1	66 0F 17 /r	Move High Packed Double-Precision Floating-Point Value
MOVLPD xmm1, m64	66 0F 12 /r	Move Low Packed Double-Precision Floating-Point Value
MOVLPD m64, xmm1	66 0F 13/r	Move Low Packed Double-Precision Floating-Point Value
MOVUPD xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F 10 /r	Move Unaligned Packed Double-Precision Floating-Point Values
MOVUPD xmm2/m128, xmm1	66 0F 11 /r	Move Unaligned Packed Double-Precision Floating-Point Values
MOVMSKPD reg, xmm	66 0F 50 /r	Extract Packed Double-Precision Floating-Point Sign Mask
MOVSD* xmm1, xmm2/m64	F2 0F 10 /r	Move or Merge Scalar Double-Precision Floating-Point Value
MOVSD xmm1/m64, xmm2	F2 0F 11 /r	Move or Merge Scalar Double-Precision Floating-Point Value

SSE2 packed arithmetic instructions[edit]

Instruction	Opcode	Meaning
ADDPD xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F 58 /r	Add Packed Double-Precision Floating-Point Values
ADDSD xmm1, xmm2/m64	F2 0F 58 /r	Add Low Double-Precision Floating-Point Value
DIVPD xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F 5E /r	Divide Packed Double-Precision Floating-Point Values
DIVSD xmm1, xmm2/m64	F2 0F 5E /r	Divide Scalar Double-Precision Floating-Point Value
MAXPD xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F 5F /r	Maximum of Packed Double-Precision Floating-Point Values
MAXSD xmm1, xmm2/m64	F2 0F 5F /r	Return Maximum Scalar Double-Precision Floating-Point Value
MINPD xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F 5D /r	Minimum of Packed Double-Precision Floating-Point Values
MINSD xmm1, xmm2/m64	F2 0F 5D /r	Return Minimum Scalar Double-Precision Floating-Point Value
MULPD xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F 59 /r	Multiply Packed Double-Precision Floating-Point Values
MULSD xmm1,xmm2/m64	F2 0F 59 /r	Multiply Scalar Double-Precision Floating-Point Value
SQRTPD xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F 51 /r	Square Root of Double-Precision Floating-Point Values
SQRTSD xmm1,xmm2/m64	F2 0F 51/r	Compute Square Root of Scalar Double-Precision Floating-Point Value
SUBPD xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F 5C /r	Subtract Packed Double-Precision Floating-Point Values
SUBSD xmm1, xmm2/m64	F2 0F 5C /r	Subtract Scalar Double-Precision Floating-Point Value

SSE2 logical instructions[edit]

Instruction	Opcode	Meaning
ANDPD xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F 54 /r	Bitwise Logical AND of Packed Double Precision Floating-Point Values
ANDNPD xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F 55 /r	Bitwise Logical AND NOT of Packed Double Precision Floating-Point Values
ORPD xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F 56/r	Bitwise Logical OR of Packed Double Precision Floating-Point Values
XORPD xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F 57/r	Bitwise Logical XOR of Packed Double Precision Floating-Point Values

SSE2 compare instructions[edit]

Instruction	Opcode	Meaning
CMPPD xmm1, xmm2/m128, imm8	66 0F C2 /r ib	Compare Packed Double-Precision Floating-Point Values
CMPSD* xmm1, xmm2/m64, imm8	F2 0F C2 /r ib	Compare Low Double-Precision Floating-Point Values
COMISD xmm1, xmm2/m64	66 0F 2F /r	Compare Scalar Ordered Double-Precision Floating-Point Values and Set EFLAGS
UCOMISD xmm1, xmm2/m64	66 0F 2E /r	Unordered Compare Scalar Double-Precision Floating-Point Values and Set EFLAGS

SSE2 shuffle and unpack instructions[edit]

Instruction	Opcode	Meaning
SHUFPD xmm1, xmm2/m128, imm8	66 0F C6 /r ib	Packed Interleave Shuffle of Pairs of Double-Precision Floating-Point Values
UNPCKHPD xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F 15 /r	Unpack and Interleave High Packed Double-Precision Floating-Point Values
UNPCKLPD xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F 14 /r	Unpack and Interleave Low Packed Double-Precision Floating-Point Values

SSE2 conversion instructions[edit]

Instruction	Opcode	Meaning
CVTDQ2PD xmm1, xmm2/m64	F3 0F E6 /r	Convert Packed Doubleword Integers to Packed Double-Precision Floating-Point Values
CVTDQ2PS xmm1, xmm2/m128	0F 5B /r	Convert Packed Doubleword Integers to Packed Single-Precision Floating-Point Values
CVTPD2DQ xmm1, xmm2/m128	F2 0F E6 /r	Convert Packed Double-Precision Floating-Point Values to Packed Doubleword Integers
CVTPD2PI mm, xmm/m128	66 0F 2D /r	Convert Packed Double-Precision FP Values to Packed Dword Integers
CVTPD2PS xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F 5A /r	Convert Packed Double-Precision Floating-Point Values to Packed Single-Precision Floating-Point Values
CVTPI2PD xmm, mm/m64	66 0F 2A /r	Convert Packed Dword Integers to Packed Double-Precision FP Values
CVTPS2DQ xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F 5B /r	Convert Packed Single-Precision Floating-Point Values to Packed Signed Doubleword Integer Values
CVTPS2PD xmm1, xmm2/m64	0F 5A /r	Convert Packed Single-Precision Floating-Point Values to Packed Double-Precision Floating-Point Values
CVTSD2SI r32, xmm1/m64	F2 0F 2D /r	Convert Scalar Double-Precision Floating-Point Value to Doubleword Integer
CVTSD2SI r64, xmm1/m64	F2 REX.W 0F 2D /r	Convert Scalar Double-Precision Floating-Point Value to Quadword Integer With Sign Extension
CVTSD2SS xmm1, xmm2/m64	F2 0F 5A /r	Convert Scalar Double-Precision Floating-Point Value to Scalar Single-Precision Floating-Point Value
CVTSI2SD xmm1, r32/m32	F2 0F 2A /r	Convert Doubleword Integer to Scalar Double-Precision Floating-Point Value
CVTSI2SD xmm1, r/m64	F2 REX.W 0F 2A /r	Convert Quadword Integer to Scalar Double-Precision Floating-Point value
CVTSS2SD xmm1, xmm2/m32	F3 0F 5A /r	Convert Scalar Single-Precision Floating-Point Value to Scalar Double-Precision Floating-Point Value
CVTTPD2DQ xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F E6 /r	Convert with Truncation Packed Double-Precision Floating-Point Values to Packed Doubleword Integers
CVTTPD2PI mm, xmm/m128	66 0F 2C /r	Convert with Truncation Packed Double-Precision FP Values to Packed Dword Integers
CVTTPS2DQ xmm1, xmm2/m128	F3 0F 5B /r	Convert with Truncation Packed Single-Precision Floating-Point Values to Packed Signed Doubleword Integer Values
CVTTSD2SI r32, xmm1/m64	F2 0F 2C /r	Convert with Truncation Scalar Double-Precision Floating-Point Value to Signed Dword Integer
CVTTSD2SI r64, xmm1/m64	F2 REX.W 0F 2C /r	Convert with Truncation Scalar Double-Precision Floating-Point Value To Signed Qword Integer

• CMPSD and MOVSD have the same name as the string instruction mnemonics CMPSD (CMPS) and MOVSD (MOVS); however, the former refer to scalar double-precision floating-points whereas the latters refer to doubleword strings.

SSE2 SIMD integer instructions[edit]

SSE2 MMX-like instructions extended to SSE registers[edit]

SSE2 allows execution of MMX instructions on SSE registers, processing twice the amount of data at once.

Instruction	Opcode	Meaning
MOVD xmm, r/m32	66 0F 6E /r	Move doubleword
MOVD r/m32, xmm	66 0F 7E /r	Move doubleword
MOVQ xmm1, xmm2/m64	F3 0F 7E /r	Move quadword
MOVQ xmm2/m64, xmm1	66 0F D6 /r	Move quadword
MOVQ r/m64, xmm	66 REX.W 0F 7E /r	Move quadword
MOVQ xmm, r/m64	66 REX.W 0F 6E /r	Move quadword
PMOVMSKB reg, xmm	66 0F D7 /r	Move a byte mask, zeroing the upper bits of the register
PEXTRW reg, xmm, imm8	66 0F C5 /r ib	Extract specified word and move it to reg, setting bits 15-0 and zeroing the rest
PINSRW xmm, r32/m16, imm8	66 0F C4 /r ib	Move low word at the specified word position
PACKSSDW xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F 6B /r	Converts 4 packed signed doubleword integers into 8 packed signed word integers with saturation
PACKSSWB xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F 63 /r	Converts 8 packed signed word integers into 16 packed signed byte integers with saturation
PACKUSWB xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F 67 /r	Converts 8 signed word integers into 16 unsigned byte integers with saturation
PADDB xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F FC /r	Add packed byte integers
PADDW xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F FD /r	Add packed word integers
PADDD xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F FE /r	Add packed doubleword integers
PADDQ xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F D4 /r	Add packed quadword integers.
PADDSB xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F EC /r	Add packed signed byte integers with saturation
PADDSW xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F ED /r	Add packed signed word integers with saturation
PADDUSB xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F DC /r	Add packed unsigned byte integers with saturation
PADDUSW xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F DD /r	Add packed unsigned word integers with saturation
PAND xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F DB /r	Bitwise AND
PANDN xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F DF /r	Bitwise AND NOT
POR xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F EB /r	Bitwise OR
PXOR xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F EF /r	Bitwise XOR
PCMPEQB xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F 74 /r	Compare packed bytes for equality.
PCMPEQW xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F 75 /r	Compare packed words for equality.
PCMPEQD xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F 76 /r	Compare packed doublewords for equality.
PCMPGTB xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F 64 /r	Compare packed signed byte integers for greater than
PCMPGTW xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F 65 /r	Compare packed signed word integers for greater than
PCMPGTD xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F 66 /r	Compare packed signed doubleword integers for greater than
PMULLW xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F D5 /r	Multiply packed signed word integers with saturation
PMULHW xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F E5 /r	Multiply the packed signed word integers, store the high 16 bits of the results
PMULHUW xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F E4 /r	Multiply packed unsigned word integers, store the high 16 bits of the results
PMULUDQ xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F F4 /r	Multiply packed unsigned doubleword integers
PSLLW xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F F1 /r	Shift words left while shifting in 0s
PSLLW xmm1, imm8	66 0F 71 /6 ib	Shift words left while shifting in 0s
PSLLD xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F F2 /r	Shift doublewords left while shifting in 0s
PSLLD xmm1, imm8	66 0F 72 /6 ib	Shift doublewords left while shifting in 0s
PSLLQ xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F F3 /r	Shift quadwords left while shifting in 0s
PSLLQ xmm1, imm8	66 0F 73 /6 ib	Shift quadwords left while shifting in 0s
PSRAD xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F E2 /r	Shift doubleword right while shifting in sign bits
PSRAD xmm1, imm8	66 0F 72 /4 ib	Shift doublewords right while shifting in sign bits
PSRAW xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F E1 /r	Shift words right while shifting in sign bits
PSRAW xmm1, imm8	66 0F 71 /4 ib	Shift words right while shifting in sign bits
PSRLW xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F D1 /r	Shift words right while shifting in 0s
PSRLW xmm1, imm8	66 0F 71 /2 ib	Shift words right while shifting in 0s
PSRLD xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F D2 /r	Shift doublewords right while shifting in 0s
PSRLD xmm1, imm8	66 0F 72 /2 ib	Shift doublewords right while shifting in 0s
PSRLQ xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F D3 /r	Shift quadwords right while shifting in 0s
PSRLQ xmm1, imm8	66 0F 73 /2 ib	Shift quadwords right while shifting in 0s
PSUBB xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F F8 /r	Subtract packed byte integers
PSUBW xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F F9 /r	Subtract packed word integers
PSUBD xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F FA /r	Subtract packed doubleword integers
PSUBQ xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F FB /r	Subtract packed quadword integers.
PSUBSB xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F E8 /r	Subtract packed signed byte integers with saturation
PSUBSW xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F E9 /r	Subtract packed signed word integers with saturation
PMADDWD xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F F5 /r	Multiply the packed word integers, add adjacent doubleword results
PSUBUSB xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F D8 /r	Subtract packed unsigned byte integers with saturation
PSUBUSW xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F D9 /r	Subtract packed unsigned word integers with saturation
PUNPCKHBW xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F 68 /r	Unpack and interleave high-order bytes
PUNPCKHWD xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F 69 /r	Unpack and interleave high-order words
PUNPCKHDQ xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F 6A /r	Unpack and interleave high-order doublewords
PUNPCKLBW xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F 60 /r	Interleave low-order bytes
PUNPCKLWD xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F 61 /r	Interleave low-order words
PUNPCKLDQ xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F 62 /r	Interleave low-order doublewords
PAVGB xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F E0, /r	Average packed unsigned byte integers with rounding
PAVGW xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F E3 /r	Average packed unsigned word integers with rounding
PMINUB xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F DA /r	Compare packed unsigned byte integers and store packed minimum values
PMINSW xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F EA /r	Compare packed signed word integers and store packed minimum values
PMAXSW xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F EE /r	Compare packed signed word integers and store maximum packed values
PMAXUB xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F DE /r	Compare packed unsigned byte integers and store packed maximum values
PSADBW xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F F6 /r	Computes the absolute differences of the packed unsigned byte integers; the 8 low differences and 8 high differences are then summed separately to produce two unsigned word integer results

SSE2 integer instructions for SSE registers only[edit]

The following instructions can be used only on SSE registers, since by their nature they do not work on MMX registers

Instruction	Opcode	Meaning
MASKMOVDQU xmm1, xmm2	66 0F F7 /r	Non-Temporal Store of Selected Bytes from an XMM Register into Memory
MOVDQ2Q mm, xmm	F2 0F D6 /r	Move low quadword from XMM to MMX register.
MOVDQA xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F 6F /r	Move aligned double quadword
MOVDQA xmm2/m128, xmm1	66 0F 7F /r	Move aligned double quadword
MOVDQU xmm1, xmm2/m128	F3 0F 6F /r	Move unaligned double quadword
MOVDQU xmm2/m128, xmm1	F3 0F 7F /r	Move unaligned double quadword
MOVQ2DQ xmm, mm	F3 0F D6 /r	Move quadword from MMX register to low quadword of XMM register
MOVNTDQ m128, xmm1	66 0F E7 /r	Store Packed Integers Using Non-Temporal Hint
PSHUFHW xmm1, xmm2/m128, imm8	F3 0F 70 /r ib	Shuffle packed high words.
PSHUFLW xmm1, xmm2/m128, imm8	F2 0F 70 /r ib	Shuffle packed low words.
PSHUFD xmm1, xmm2/m128, imm8	66 0F 70 /r ib	Shuffle packed doublewords.
PSLLDQ xmm1, imm8	66 0F 73 /7 ib	Packed shift left logical double quadwords.
PSRLDQ xmm1, imm8	66 0F 73 /3 ib	Packed shift right logical double quadwords.
PUNPCKHQDQ xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F 6D /r	Unpack and interleave high-order quadwords,
PUNPCKLQDQ xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F 6C /r	Interleave low quadwords,

SSE3 instructions[edit]

Added with Pentium 4 supporting SSE3

SSE3 SIMD floating-point instructions[edit]

Instruction	Opcode	Meaning	Notes
ADDSUBPS xmm1, xmm2/m128	F2 0F D0 /r	Add/subtract single-precision floating-point values	for Complex Arithmetic
ADDSUBPD xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F D0 /r	Add/subtract double-precision floating-point values
MOVDDUP xmm1, xmm2/m64	F2 0F 12 /r	Move double-precision floating-point value and duplicate
MOVSLDUP xmm1, xmm2/m128	F3 0F 12 /r	Move and duplicate even index single-precision floating-point values
MOVSHDUP xmm1, xmm2/m128	F3 0F 16 /r	Move and duplicate odd index single-precision floating-point values
HADDPS xmm1, xmm2/m128	F2 0F 7C /r	Horizontal add packed single-precision floating-point values	for Graphics
HADDPD xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F 7C /r	Horizontal add packed double-precision floating-point values
HSUBPS xmm1, xmm2/m128	F2 0F 7D /r	Horizontal subtract packed single-precision floating-point values
HSUBPD xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F 7D /r	Horizontal subtract packed double-precision floating-point values

SSE3 SIMD integer instructions[edit]

Instruction	Opcode	Meaning	Notes
LDDQU xmm1, mem	F2 0F F0 /r	Load unaligned data and return double quadword	Instructionally equivalent to MOVDQU. For video encoding

SSSE3 instructions[edit]

Added with Xeon 5100 series and initial Core 2

The following MMX-like instructions extended to SSE registers were added with SSSE3

Instruction	Opcode	Meaning
PSIGNB xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F 38 08 /r	Negate/zero/preserve packed byte integers depending on corresponding sign
PSIGNW xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F 38 09 /r	Negate/zero/preserve packed word integers depending on corresponding sign
PSIGND xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F 38 0A /r	Negate/zero/preserve packed doubleword integers depending on corresponding
PSHUFB xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F 38 00 /r	Shuffle bytes
PMULHRSW xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F 38 0B /r	Multiply 16-bit signed words, scale and round signed doublewords, pack high 16 bits
PMADDUBSW xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F 38 04 /r	Multiply signed and unsigned bytes, add horizontal pair of signed words, pack saturated signed-words
PHSUBW xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F 38 05 /r	Subtract and pack 16-bit signed integers horizontally
PHSUBSW xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F 38 07 /r	Subtract and pack 16-bit signed integer horizontally with saturation
PHSUBD xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F 38 06 /r	Subtract and pack 32-bit signed integers horizontally
PHADDSW xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F 38 03 /r	Add and pack 16-bit signed integers horizontally with saturation
PHADDW xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F 38 01 /r	Add and pack 16-bit integers horizontally
PHADDD xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F 38 02 /r	Add and pack 32-bit integers horizontally
PALIGNR xmm1, xmm2/m128, imm8	66 0F 3A 0F /r ib	Concatenate destination and source operands, extract byte-aligned result shifted to the right
PABSB xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F 38 1C /r	Compute the absolute value of bytes and store unsigned result
PABSW xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F 38 1D /r	Compute the absolute value of 16-bit integers and store unsigned result
PABSD xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F 38 1E /r	Compute the absolute value of 32-bit integers and store unsigned result

SSE4 instructions[edit]

SSE4.1[edit]

Added with Core 2 manufactured in 45nm

SSE4.1 SIMD floating-point instructions[edit]

Instruction	Opcode	Meaning
DPPS xmm1, xmm2/m128, imm8	66 0F 3A 40 /r ib	Selectively multiply packed SP floating-point values, add and selectively store
DPPD xmm1, xmm2/m128, imm8	66 0F 3A 41 /r ib	Selectively multiply packed DP floating-point values, add and selectively store
BLENDPS xmm1, xmm2/m128, imm8	66 0F 3A 0C /r ib	Select packed single precision floating-point values from specified mask
BLENDVPS xmm1, xmm2/m128, <XMM0>	66 0F 38 14 /r	Select packed single precision floating-point values from specified mask
BLENDPD xmm1, xmm2/m128, imm8	66 0F 3A 0D /r ib	Select packed DP-FP values from specified mask
BLENDVPD xmm1, xmm2/m128 , <XMM0>	66 0F 38 15 /r	Select packed DP FP values from specified mask
ROUNDPS xmm1, xmm2/m128, imm8	66 0F 3A 08 /r ib	Round packed single precision floating-point values
ROUNDSS xmm1, xmm2/m32, imm8	66 0F 3A 0A /r ib	Round the low packed single precision floating-point value
ROUNDPD xmm1, xmm2/m128, imm8	66 0F 3A 09 /r ib	Round packed double precision floating-point values
ROUNDSD xmm1, xmm2/m64, imm8	66 0F 3A 0B /r ib	Round the low packed double precision floating-point value
INSERTPS xmm1, xmm2/m32, imm8	66 0F 3A 21 /r ib	Insert a selected single-precision floating-point value at the specified destination element and zero out destination elements
EXTRACTPS reg/m32, xmm1, imm8	66 0F 3A 17 /r ib	Extract one single-precision floating-point value at specified offset and store the result (zero-extended, if applicable)

SSE4.1 SIMD integer instructions[edit]

Instruction	Opcode	Meaning
MPSADBW xmm1, xmm2/m128, imm8	66 0F 3A 42 /r ib	Sums absolute 8-bit integer difference of adjacent groups of 4 byte integers with starting offset
PHMINPOSUW xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F 38 41 /r	Find the minimum unsigned word
PMULLD xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F 38 40 /r	Multiply the packed dword signed integers and store the low 32 bits
PMULDQ xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F 38 28 /r	Multiply packed signed doubleword integers and store quadword result
PBLENDVB xmm1, xmm2/m128, <XMM0>	66 0F 38 10 /r	Select byte values from specified mask
PBLENDW xmm1, xmm2/m128, imm8	66 0F 3A 0E /r ib	Select words from specified mask
PMINSB xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F 38 38 /r	Compare packed signed byte integers
PMINUW xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F 38 3A/r	Compare packed unsigned word integers
PMINSD xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F 38 39 /r	Compare packed signed dword integers
PMINUD xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F 38 3B /r	Compare packed unsigned dword integers
PMAXSB xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F 38 3C /r	Compare packed signed byte integers
PMAXUW xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F 38 3E/r	Compare packed unsigned word integers
PMAXSD xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F 38 3D /r	Compare packed signed dword integers
PMAXUD xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F 38 3F /r	Compare packed unsigned dword integers
PINSRB xmm1, r32/m8, imm8	66 0F 3A 20 /r ib	Insert a byte integer value at specified destination element
PINSRD xmm1, r/m32, imm8	66 0F 3A 22 /r ib	Insert a dword integer value at specified destination element
PINSRQ xmm1, r/m64, imm8	66 REX.W 0F 3A 22 /r ib	Insert a qword integer value at specified destination element
PEXTRB reg/m8, xmm2, imm8	66 0F 3A 14 /r ib	Extract a byte integer value at source byte offset, upper bits are zeroed.
PEXTRW reg/m16, xmm, imm8	66 0F 3A 15 /r ib	Extract word and copy to lowest 16 bits, zero-extended
PEXTRD r/m32, xmm2, imm8	66 0F 3A 16 /r ib	Extract a dword integer value at source dword offset
PEXTRQ r/m64, xmm2, imm8	66 REX.W 0F 3A 16 /r ib	Extract a qword integer value at source qword offset
PMOVSXBW xmm1, xmm2/m64	66 0f 38 20 /r	Sign extend 8 packed 8-bit integers to 8 packed 16-bit integers
PMOVZXBW xmm1, xmm2/m64	66 0f 38 30 /r	Zero extend 8 packed 8-bit integers to 8 packed 16-bit integers
PMOVSXBD xmm1, xmm2/m32	66 0f 38 21 /r	Sign extend 4 packed 8-bit integers to 4 packed 32-bit integers
PMOVZXBD xmm1, xmm2/m32	66 0f 38 31 /r	Zero extend 4 packed 8-bit integers to 4 packed 32-bit integers
PMOVSXBQ xmm1, xmm2/m16	66 0f 38 22 /r	Sign extend 2 packed 8-bit integers to 2 packed 64-bit integers
PMOVZXBQ xmm1, xmm2/m16	66 0f 38 32 /r	Zero extend 2 packed 8-bit integers to 2 packed 64-bit integers
PMOVSXWD xmm1, xmm2/m64	66 0f 38 23/r	Sign extend 4 packed 16-bit integers to 4 packed 32-bit integers
PMOVZXWD xmm1, xmm2/m64	66 0f 38 33 /r	Zero extend 4 packed 16-bit integers to 4 packed 32-bit integers
PMOVSXWQ xmm1, xmm2/m32	66 0f 38 24 /r	Sign extend 2 packed 16-bit integers to 2 packed 64-bit integers
PMOVZXWQ xmm1, xmm2/m32	66 0f 38 34 /r	Zero extend 2 packed 16-bit integers to 2 packed 64-bit integers
PMOVSXDQ xmm1, xmm2/m64	66 0f 38 25 /r	Sign extend 2 packed 32-bit integers to 2 packed 64-bit integers
PMOVZXDQ xmm1, xmm2/m64	66 0f 38 35 /r	Zero extend 2 packed 32-bit integers to 2 packed 64-bit integers
PTEST xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F 38 17 /r	Set ZF if AND result is all 0s, set CF if AND NOT result is all 0s
PCMPEQQ xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F 38 29 /r	Compare packed qwords for equality
PACKUSDW xmm1, xmm2/m128	66 0F 38 2B /r	Convert 2 × 4 packed signed doubleword integers into 8 packed unsigned word integers with saturation
MOVNTDQA xmm1, m128	66 0F 38 2A /r	Move double quadword using non-temporal hint if WC memory type

SSE4a[edit]

Added with Phenom processors

• EXTRQ/INSERTQ
• MOVNTSD/MOVNTSS

SSE4.2[edit]

Added with Nehalem processors

Instruction	Opcode	Meaning
PCMPESTRI xmm1, xmm2/m128, imm8	66 0F 3A 61 /r imm8	Packed comparison of string data with explicit lengths, generating an index
PCMPESTRM xmm1, xmm2/m128, imm8	66 0F 3A 60 /r imm8	Packed comparison of string data with explicit lengths, generating a mask
PCMPISTRI xmm1, xmm2/m128, imm8	66 0F 3A 63 /r imm8	Packed comparison of string data with implicit lengths, generating an index
PCMPISTRM xmm1, xmm2/m128, imm8	66 0F 3A 62 /r imm8	Packed comparison of string data with implicit lengths, generating a mask
PCMPGTQ xmm1,xmm2/m128	66 0F 38 37 /r	Compare packed signed qwords for greater than.

SSE5 derived instructions[edit]

SSE5 was a proposed SSE extension by AMD. The bundle did not include the full set of Intel's SSE4 instructions, making it a competitor to SSE4 rather than a successor. AMD chose not to implement SSE5 as originally proposed, however, derived SSE extensions were introduced.

XOP[edit]

Introduced with the bulldozer processor core, removed again from Zen (microarchitecture) onward.

A revision of most of the SSE5 instruction set

F16C[edit]

Half-precision floating-point conversion.

FMA3[edit]

Supported in AMD processors starting with the Piledriver architecture and Intel starting with Haswell processors and Broadwell processors since 2014.

Fused multiply-add (floating-point vector multiply–accumulate) with three operands.

FMA4[edit]

Supported in AMD processors starting with the Bulldozer architecture. Not supported by any intel chip as of 2017.

Fused multiply-add with four operands. FMA4 was realized in hardware before FMA3.

Instruction	Opcode	Meaning	Notes
VFMADDPD xmm0, xmm1, xmm2, xmm3	C4E3 WvvvvL01 69 /r /is4	Fused Multiply-Add of Packed Double-Precision Floating-Point Values
VFMADDPS xmm0, xmm1, xmm2, xmm3	C4E3 WvvvvL01 68 /r /is4	Fused Multiply-Add of Packed Single-Precision Floating-Point Values
VFMADDSD xmm0, xmm1, xmm2, xmm3	C4E3 WvvvvL01 6B /r /is4	Fused Multiply-Add of Scalar Double-Precision Floating-Point Values
VFMADDSS xmm0, xmm1, xmm2, xmm3	C4E3 WvvvvL01 6A /r /is4	Fused Multiply-Add of Scalar Single-Precision Floating-Point Values
VFMADDSUBPD xmm0, xmm1, xmm2, xmm3	C4E3 WvvvvL01 5D /r /is4	Fused Multiply-Alternating Add/Subtract of Packed Double-Precision Floating-Point Values
VFMADDSUBPS xmm0, xmm1, xmm2, xmm3	C4E3 WvvvvL01 5C /r /is4	Fused Multiply-Alternating Add/Subtract of Packed Single-Precision Floating-Point Values
VFMSUBADDPD xmm0, xmm1, xmm2, xmm3	C4E3 WvvvvL01 5F /r /is4	Fused Multiply-Alternating Subtract/Add of Packed Double-Precision Floating-Point Values
VFMSUBADDPS xmm0, xmm1, xmm2, xmm3	C4E3 WvvvvL01 5E /r /is4	Fused Multiply-Alternating Subtract/Add of Packed Single-Precision Floating-Point Values
VFMSUBPD xmm0, xmm1, xmm2, xmm3	C4E3 WvvvvL01 6D /r /is4	Fused Multiply-Subtract of Packed Double-Precision Floating-Point Values
VFMSUBPS xmm0, xmm1, xmm2, xmm3	C4E3 WvvvvL01 6C /r /is4	Fused Multiply-Subtract of Packed Single-Precision Floating-Point Values
VFMSUBSD xmm0, xmm1, xmm2, xmm3	C4E3 WvvvvL01 6F /r /is4	Fused Multiply-Subtract of Scalar Double-Precision Floating-Point Values
VFMSUBSS xmm0, xmm1, xmm2, xmm3	C4E3 WvvvvL01 6E /r /is4	Fused Multiply-Subtract of Scalar Single-Precision Floating-Point Values
VFNMADDPD xmm0, xmm1, xmm2, xmm3	C4E3 WvvvvL01 79 /r /is4	Fused Negative Multiply-Add of Packed Double-Precision Floating-Point Values
VFNMADDPS xmm0, xmm1, xmm2, xmm3	C4E3 WvvvvL01 78 /r /is4	Fused Negative Multiply-Add of Packed Single-Precision Floating-Point Values
VFNMADDSD xmm0, xmm1, xmm2, xmm3	C4E3 WvvvvL01 7B /r /is4	Fused Negative Multiply-Add of Scalar Double-Precision Floating-Point Values
VFNMADDSS xmm0, xmm1, xmm2, xmm3	C4E3 WvvvvL01 7A /r /is4	Fused Negative Multiply-Add of Scalar Single-Precision Floating-Point Values
VFNMSUBPD xmm0, xmm1, xmm2, xmm3	C4E3 WvvvvL01 7D /r /is4	Fused Negative Multiply-Subtract of Packed Double-Precision Floating-Point Values
VFNMSUBPS xmm0, xmm1, xmm2, xmm3	C4E3 WvvvvL01 7C /r /is4	Fused Negative Multiply-Subtract of Packed Single-Precision Floating-Point Values
VFNMSUBSD xmm0, xmm1, xmm2, xmm3	C4E3 WvvvvL01 7F /r /is4	Fused Negative Multiply-Subtract of Scalar Double-Precision Floating-Point Values
VFNMSUBSS xmm0, xmm1, xmm2, xmm3	C4E3 WvvvvL01 7E /r /is4	Fused Negative Multiply-Subtract of Scalar Single-Precision Floating-Point Values

AVX[edit]

AVX were first supported by Intel with Sandy Bridge and by AMD with Bulldozer.

Vector operations on 256 bit registers.

AVX2[edit]

Introduced in Intel's Haswell microarchitecture and AMD's Excavator.

Expansion of most vector integer SSE and AVX instructions to 256 bits

AVX-512[edit]

Introduced in Intel's Xeon Phi x200

Vector operations on 512 bit registers.

Cryptographic instructions[edit]

Intel AES instructions[edit]

Main article: AES instruction set

6 new instructions.

Instruction	Description
AESENC	Perform one round of an AES encryption flow
AESENCLAST	Perform the last round of an AES encryption flow
AESDEC	Perform one round of an AES decryption flow
AESDECLAST	Perform the last round of an AES decryption flow
AESKEYGENASSIST	Assist in AES round key generation
AESIMC	Assist in AES Inverse Mix Columns

Intel SHA instructions[edit]

Main article: Intel SHA extensions

7 new instructions.

Instruction	Description
SHA1RNDS4
SHA1NEXTE
SHA1MSG1
SHA1MSG2
SHA256RNDS2
SHA256MSG1
SHA256MSG2

Undocumented instructions[edit]

Undocumented x86 instructions[edit]

The x86 CPUs contain undocumented instructions which are implemented on the chips but not listed in some official documents. They can be found in various sources across the Internet, such as Ralf Brown's Interrupt List and at sandpile.org

Mnemonic	Opcode	Description	Status
AAM imm8	D4 imm8	Divide AL by imm8, put the quotient in AH, and the remainder in AL	Available beginning with 8086, documented since Pentium (earlier documentation lists no arguments)
AAD imm8	D5 imm8	Multiplication counterpart of AAM	Available beginning with 8086, documented since Pentium (earlier documentation lists no arguments)
SALC	D6	Set AL depending on the value of the Carry Flag (a 1-byte alternative of SBB AL, AL)	Available beginning with 8086, but only documented since Pentium Pro.
ICEBP	F1	Single byte single-step exception / Invoke ICE	Available beginning with 80386, documented (as INT1) since Pentium Pro
Unknown mnemonic	0F 04	Exact purpose unknown, causes CPU hang (HCF). The only way out is CPU reset.[8] In some implementations, emulated through BIOS as a halting sequence.[9]	Only available on 80286
LOADALL	0F 05	Loads All Registers from Memory Address 0x000800H	Only available on 80286
LOADALLD	0F 07	Loads All Registers from Memory Address ES:EDI	Only available on 80386
UD1	0F B9	Intentionally undefined instruction, but unlike UD2 this was not published
ALTINST	0F 3F	Jump and execute instructions in the undocumented Alternate Instruction Set.	Only available on some x86 processors made by VIA Technologies.

 

[bobhays]

On 11/2/2018 at 5:17 AM, The Benjamins said:

 

I feel going open source is hyped and praised too much, their are great examples why open source software struggles to out preform closed source.

 

Linux and android are great examples of what is wrong with open source, their greatest strength is also its greatest weakness. due to the nature of open source it will never be as approachable or inviting to new users. There are also too many variations of the "same" thing, example almost each android phone has a different OS feel. Also Open Source projects can never have the drive and financial backing like a closed source thing.

 

I don't believe open source is the one stop solution for stuff in the tech space.

I think you're completely wrong and that Android is the perfect story of how open-source could succeed (not that it always will). The variations of Android are not its weakness, that's its biggest strength. It also has the drive and funding from Google. AOSP has allowed so many developers to make cool and interesting devices and is probably one of the greatest success stories of open-source you could use.

[The Benjamins]

22 minutes ago, bobhays said:

I think you're completely wrong and that Android is the perfect story of how open-source could succeed (not that it always will). The variations of Android are not its weakness, that's its biggest strength. It also has the drive and funding from Google. AOSP has allowed so many developers to make cool and interesting devices and is probably one of the greatest success stories of open-source you could use.

android is not the best example, but the backing off google is the only reason why it made it, but the openness brings many of androids issues, almost all my issues with it are due to it being open.

 

and my post is more about people praising open source as a saving grace when it has its own issue

[ZacoAttaco]

On 11/4/2018 at 10:16 AM, bobhays said:

The variations of Android are not its weakness, that's its biggest strength.

I'm not using an Android device, but when I watch videos or reviews on Android devices, a big talking point is: 'Close to stock Android' or 'Wish it was close to stock Android'. I don't hear many positive things about a lot of Android skins and that most people want a 'stock' experience similar to Pixel or OnePlus devices. For a long time, Samsung's biggest drawback with their devices was TouchWiz, although their new Samsung Experience they seem to have improved that.

[bobhays]

7 hours ago, ZacoAttaco said:

I'm not using an Android device, but when I watch videos or reviews on Android devices, a big talking point is: 'Close to stock Android' or 'Wish it was close to stock Android'. I don't hear many positive things about a lot of Android skins and that most people want a 'stock' experience similar to Pixel or OnePlus devices. For a long time, Samsung's biggest drawback with their devices was TouchWiz, although their new Samsung Experience they seem to have improved that.

Many of the features in stock android were first developed on other skins and ROMs. Just because a manufacturer did a poor job doesn't mean that others cant do great. There are features in almost every phone that stock android lacks. Also the variations was in reference to how versatile android is, i.e becoming a platform for Android TV, Android Auto, and various android set top boxes, running on a pi, etc. It's not the best for customer experience, which is usually better with one consistent experience (iOS), but it is better for introducing new features.

[ZacoAttaco]

3 hours ago, bobhays said:

Just because a manufacturer did a poor job doesn't mean that others cant do great.

Good point, it just seems that a lot are bad but that doesn't mean there aren't good ones too.

3 hours ago, bobhays said:

Also the variations was in reference to how versatile android is, i.e becoming a platform for Android TV, Android Auto, and various android set top boxes, running on a pi, etc.

Also another interesting point, haven't thought about this much but makes sense, it a versatile platform indeed. Something Microsoft and Windows seem want but can't manage to implement...

[GoldenLag]

On 11/2/2018 at 8:42 AM, ujjwall said:

Rome wasn't built in a day. I think RISC V has bright future. 

no it wasnt. we are still waiting for AMD to deliver Rome  

[Agosto]

180nm

oof