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North America is officially out of IPv4 addresses

TopWargamer
By TopWargamer
in Tech News
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Posted

I'm just getting into the field of networking, I really don't want to have to deal with hexadecimal IP addresses.

 

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I don't get this ipv4 is running out thing. It's been talked for years. Most have a dynamic ip, so it changes. Those who has static ip, does it mean they're screwed and will have to get a ipv6 address? What about port forwarding? My router cant port forward ipv6 let alone even has the option for it. So a new router is required then?

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I don't get this ipv4 is running out thing. It's been talked for years. Most have a dynamic ip, so it changes. Those who has static ip, does it mean they're screwed and will have to get a ipv6 address? What about port forwarding? My router cant port forward ipv6 let alone even has the option for it. So a new router is required then?

 

Not the IP addresses assigned via routing, it's the device IP addresses.

 

You're not going to be affected.

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Yeah I sorta found this out a couple days ago when my computer started showing messages that my IP was already in use.

Erm is your computer connected to a Router?

 

If your IP Address is "already in use" on your LAN, then that has nothing to do with the IPv4 addresses running out globally. Only your externally facing WAN IP Address would be affected. And that's the same IP Address for your entire LAN. And it would never be "already in use", because your ISP assigns the addresses from a pool, so it won't give you one that someone else is already using.

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Erm is your computer connected to a Router?

 

If your IP Address is "already in use" on your LAN, then that has nothing to do with the IPv4 addresses running out globally. Only your externally facing WAN IP Address would be affected. And that's the same IP Address for your entire LAN. And it would never be "already in use", because your ISP assigns the addresses from a pool, so it won't give you one that someone else is already using.

It was on my mac using an airport extreme router so whatever that means

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Just keeping this here as a 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It was on my mac using an airport extreme router so whatever that means

Yeah, that means that another device on your LAN was using the IP Address your Mac had been assigned. In cases like that, all you usually need to do is release your IP, which forces your computer to request a new IP from the Router (Which, in this case, is the Airport Extreme).

 

Unless you actually have 255 devices on your LAN? :P

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Lets pray that bigger ISPs don't start NAT'ing. Some smaller ISPs already have begun that practice (Carrier Grade NAT). Say bye-bye to easy port forwarding and hello to sharing 1 IPv4 address with all your neighbors on the same node.

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Lets pray that bigger ISPs don't start NAT'ing. Some smaller ISPs already have begun that practice (Carrier Grade NAT). Say bye-bye to easy port forwarding and hello to sharing 1 IPv4 address with all your neighbors on the same node.

Some of the big ISPs actually have so many available IPv4 addresses that they haven't made any serious effort into IPv6 - specifically Verizon. No one on Verizon Fios can get an IPv6 even if they want one. They have so many becuase all their cellular has been converted to IPv6, and they kept those IPv4 addresses and transferred them to the DSL and Fios internet groups.

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I don't get this ipv4 is running out thing. It's been talked for years. Most have a dynamic ip, so it changes. Those who has static ip, does it mean they're screwed and will have to get a ipv6 address? What about port forwarding? My router cant port forward ipv6 let alone even has the option for it. So a new router is required then?

Dynamic IPs are used to make sure that everyone who needs one gets one. It's just a way to avoid someone hogging IPs they don't need.

People with static IPs will not be affected. They already have their IP address reserved and that won't change. Or well, the ISP could decide that you can't have that IP anymore and then take it, but that would be stupid.

 

Port forwarding will probably not be needed at all. That's only something that is used today because we use NAT. Since we probably won't use NAT with IPv6 (although I believe it is still possible) we won't need to port forward either.

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Dynamic IPs are used to make sure that everyone who needs one gets one. It's just a way to avoid someone hogging IPs they don't need.

People with static IPs will not be affected. They already have their IP address reserved and that won't change. Or well, the ISP could decide that you can't have that IP anymore and then take it, but that would be stupid.

 

Port forwarding will probably not be needed at all. That's only something that is used today because we use NAT. Since we probably won't use NAT with IPv6 (although I believe it is still possible) we won't need to port forward either.

On an individual basis, NAT and port forwarding may still be in common use. There are many advantages to showing the Internet one WAN IP Address for your entire household/connection, rather then showing every single IPv6 address publicly.

 

I assume that most IPv6 consumer Modem/Routers will probably still use NAT, and may even default to IPv4 internally on the LAN, even if using an IPv6 WAN address. That will of course slowly change over time, so that even LAN addresses are IPv6, but I still think that many will choose to use NAT at the Modem/Router level anyway, even after both WAN and LAN IP's are switched over to IPv6.

 

We shall see exactly how many decide to do this in time. Could turn out that no one wants to do it.

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How do i know if im on IPV6 or V4 cuz they are both listed for me in ipconfig.

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 I mean, they knew damn well that we were going to run out of IPv4 addresses soon (probably).

 

When I did my HND in networking back in 2010 we had to learn about IPv6 as 'we' were running out of IPv4 addys, so five years ago (at least) 'they' knew 'critical addy' was on its way.

 

People blindly stayed with IPv4 as it would have meant turmoil etc to change.

 

. NAT can only do so much.

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On an individual basis, NAT and port forwarding may still be in common use. There are many advantages to showing the Internet one WAN IP Address for your entire household/connection, rather then showing every single IPv6 address publicly.

 

I assume that most IPv6 consumer Modem/Routers will probably still use NAT, and may even default to IPv4 internally on the LAN, even if using an IPv6 WAN address. That will of course slowly change over time, so that even LAN addresses are IPv6, but I still think that many will choose to use NAT at the Modem/Router level anyway, even after both WAN and LAN IP's are switched over to IPv6.

 

We shall see exactly how many decide to do this in time. Could turn out that no one wants to do it.

Well yeah. To start with we will probably have IPV6 to the router and then NAT for the local network. But further into the future than that we will probably switch to IPv6 everywhere and when we do that there won't really be any point to NAT. It would just slow things down and cause issues.

I was talking more about long term plans.

 

 

How do i know if im on IPV6 or V4 cuz they are both listed for me in ipconfig.

ipconfig will just show your local address.

You can see your public ip by searching for "public ip" on Google (without the "")

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Dynamic IPs are used to make sure that everyone who needs one gets one. It's just a way to avoid someone hogging IPs they don't need.

People with static IPs will not be affected. They already have their IP address reserved and that won't change. Or well, the ISP could decide that you can't have that IP anymore and then take it, but that would be stupid.

 

Port forwarding will probably not be needed at all. That's only something that is used today because we use NAT. Since we probably won't use NAT with IPv6 (although I believe it is still possible) we won't need to port forward either.

Survelliance system needs to be port forward, in order for the client to look at their cameras from their devices when they're at another location. As long we don't have to deal with IPv6  IPs which look like windows product keys, on the end-user side, then I'm okay with it.

I can remember 192.168.1.1, but I can't or even bother with FE80:0000:0000:0000:0202:B3FF:FE1E:8329

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Compressing empty octets gives:-

 

  fe80::202:b3ff:fe1e:8329

 

not much better, but hey lack of addresses is a big problem IPv6 will solve this.

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we could have just added another subnet to the address... thats what the group of numbers is called right?

 

With 32 bits you cannot go more than 255.255.255.255 (maximum possible 4,294,967,296 addresses). Subnetting doesn't create more addresses, it just allows more precision in where the network/host sides cut off.

 

It's just a different IP address. I think it's based on base-6 instead of base-4? And maybe numbers plus letters instead of just numbers? Don't quote me on that.

 

IPv6 is 128 bits and hexadecimal where IPv4 is 32 bits and decimal.

 

Dear god I hope the major corporations decide to upgrade their hardware and switch to IPv6. I'm so sick of learning about f**king subnetting (which, despite two different classes on it, still doesn't make any fucking sense)

 

If they were smart, they'd go ahead and develop whatever comes after IPv6 right now, as that will run out sooner or later as well.

 

It makes perfect sense. It's just deciding where the network/host sides begin. In the real world corporations/ISPs they already use CIDR and "Classes" of IP ranges are basically just for learning purposes.

 

But, remember an IP address is 32 bits. So lay out those 32 bits like below...

 

11111111.11111111.11111111.11111111

 

A "Class C address" is 24 bits network side and 8 bits host side, visually looks like below,

 

11111111.11111111.11111111.11111111

 

So you have 8 bits host... So 2 to the power 8 = 256. Remember that number 256 is important because that is how many IP values we can have, having only 8 bits.

 

So it would look like below,

 

Subnet ID: 192.168.0.0

First Usable IP Address: 192.168.0.1

Last Usable IP Address: 192.168.0.254

Broadcast Address: 192.168.0.255 (The last address ends in 255 and not 256 because "0" is a value so 255 is actually the 256th value)

 

Now lets say we only have 7 bits to the host side and 25 to the network side,

 

 

11111111.11111111.11111111.11111111

 

So 2 to the power of 7 = 128 so we know we are working with 128 values with 2 subnets (IP Addresses)

 

 

Subnet ID: 192.168.0.0

First Address: 192.168.0.1

Last Address: 192.168.0.126

Broadcast Address: 192.168.0.127 (.127 is the 128th value and we know we are only working with 128 values)

 

Subnet ID: 192.168.0.128

First Usable Address: 192.168.0.129

Last Usable Address: 192.168.0.254

Broadcast Address: 192.168.0.255 (128th value of the 2nd subnet, 256th value if you counted from the beginning of first subnet)

 

This site may help you in calculating/understanding subnetting http://www.subnet-calculator.com

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-subnet explanation-

That's a pretty bad explanation if you ask me.

 

 

How to identify network and broadcast address as well as host range of a network.

 

For example let's say we have a computer with these settings:

IP - 192.168.1.10

Netmask - 255.255.255.128

 

Now we want to figure out the network address, the broadcast address and the host range.

 

First write everything as binary:

post-216-0-61808200-1443354590.png

 

The red portion (the bits that are set to 1 in the netmask) is the network portion of the IP address. The blue portion (the bits that are set to 0 in the netmask) is the host portion of the IP address.

All IP addresses which are exactly the same in the red portions belongs to the same network.

 

The network address is the first address in a network. To figure this out we need to set all the host bits in the IP address to 0, which will look like this:

post-216-0-76388500-1443354598.png

And now if we translate the IP address with all the host bits set to 0 into decimal we get 192.168.1.0. This is our network address.

 

 

To figure out the broadcast address we change all the host addresses to 1 instead of 0. That will look like this:

post-216-0-79561300-1443354614.png

And now if we translate the IP address with all the host bits set to 1 into decimal we get 192.168.1.127. This is our broadcast address.

 

The host range is everything between the network address and the broadcast address. In this case that means 192.168.1.1 to 192.168.1.126. All the computers with these addresses are in the same network.

 

 

 

Here is an example with not so simple numbers:

 

IP - 231.241.123.66

Netmask - 255.255.255.240

post-216-0-63647900-1443354628.png

 

 

Set all the host bits to 0:

11100111.11110001.01111011.01000000 = 223.241.123.64

 

Set all the host bits to 1:

11100111.11110001.01111011.01001111 = 223.241.123.79

 

The host range is everything between the network address and broadcast address. So 223.241.123.65 to 223.241.123.78

 

How to design the network (create the subnets to begin with) is slightly different but the basics are the same.

Sorry for all the images. Turns out 1 takes up a lot less space than a 0 so things didn't align properly without using images.

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That's a pretty bad explanation if you ask me.

 

 

How to identify network and broadcast address as well as host range of a network.

 

For example let's say we have a computer with these settings:

IP - 192.168.1.10

Netmask - 255.255.255.128

 

Now we want to figure out the network address, the broadcast address and the host range.

 

First write everything as binary:

attachicon.gif1.PNG

 

The red portion (the bits that are set to 1 in the netmask) is the network portion of the IP address. The blue portion (the bits that are set to 0 in the netmask) is the host portion of the IP address.

All IP addresses which are exactly the same in the red portions belongs to the same network.

 

The network address is the first address in a network. To figure this out we need to set all the host bits in the IP address to 0, which will look like this:

attachicon.gif2.PNG

And now if we translate the IP address with all the host bits set to 0 into decimal we get 192.168.1.0. This is our network address.

 

 

To figure out the broadcast address we change all the host addresses to 1 instead of 0. That will look like this:

attachicon.gif3.PNG

And now if we translate the IP address with all the host bits set to 1 into decimal we get 192.168.1.127. This is our broadcast address.

 

The host range is everything between the network address and the broadcast address. In this case that means 192.168.1.1 to 192.168.1.126. All the computers with these addresses are in the same network.

 

 

 

Here is an example with not so simple numbers:

 

IP - 231.241.123.66

Netmask - 255.255.255.240

attachicon.gif4.PNG

 

 

Set all the host bits to 0:

11100111.11110001.01111011.01000000 = 223.241.123.64

 

Set all the host bits to 1:

11100111.11110001.01111011.01001111 = 223.241.123.79

 

The host range is everything between the network address and broadcast address. So 223.241.123.65 to 223.241.123.78

 

How to design the network (create the subnets to begin with) is slightly different but the basics are the same.

Sorry for all the images. Turns out 1 takes up a lot less space than a 0 so things didn't align properly without using images.

 

I wasn't exactly going for a world class explanation lol. I haven't even looked at subnetting since I did so in college nearly 2 years ago. :P

 

But a refresher was nice, I'm so fascinated by networking and the logistics of it.

CPU: i7 4790K  RAM: 32 GB 2400 MHz  Motherboard: Asus Z-97 Pro  GPU: GTX 770  SSD: 256 GB Samsung 850 Pro  OS: Windows 8.1 64-bit

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I wasn't exactly going for a world class explanation lol. I haven't even looked at subnetting since I did so in college nearly 2 years ago. :P

 

But a refresher was nice, I'm so fascinated by networking and the logistics of it.

Yeah networking is fun. At least when it works...

 

And don't worry Trik'Stari. Subnetting seems to be one of those things where you you don't get it at all but then all of a sudden it makes perfect sense. At least that's how it was for me and everyone I've talked to about it with. It's super important to know though so study it a lot.

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. It's super important to know though

 

Not with IPv6 it's not.  No more subnetting, yay let's hear it for IPv6 !

 Two motoes to live by   "Sometimes there are no shortcuts"

                                           "This too shall pass"

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Not with IPv6 it's not.  No more subnetting, yay let's hear it for IPv6 !

Well you can subnet IPv6 as well. ;). I don't think there is any point to doing so though. We won't run out of addresses anytime soon, and broadcasts are dead too. Maybe for management purposes but even then I think it'll just be "yeah let's make this huge network and this huge network." instead of trying to save every single address you can.

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 I think it'll just be "yeah let's make this huge network and this huge network." instead of trying to save every single address you can.

 

Why save addresess ?  There are  enough on IPv6 for 5 X1028 addreses for every man, woman and child on the planet.

 

If we ever need IPv7 we will know there are FAR too many computers in the world. ;)

 Two motoes to live by   "Sometimes there are no shortcuts"

                                           "This too shall pass"

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How do i know if im on IPV6 or V4 cuz they are both listed for me in ipconfig.

 

"Control Panel" -> "Networking and Internet" -> "Change adapter settings" -> Right Click -> "Status"

 

Should tell you which type of address you are getting internet from.

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