Did I break my motherboard?
Based on the location, it looks like it is a component near the VRM controller, the chip that controls how 12v from the power supply is converted to the voltages used by cpu (0.6v...1.4v) could affect one of the video out connectors (hdmi, displayport) or some usb connectors.
edit : checked pictures of the board.
Due to where the part is located, i would recommend returning the motherboard, because that vrm circuit is very complex and the broken part could cause the pc to be unstable, or in extreme scenarios the controller could misbehave and hurt your processor.
In some countries, you have 7-10 working days to return something without having to provide a reason... if you can do that, take advantage of it.
Otherwise, go ahead and say that the motherboard is rebooting randomly or something like that as a reason for the return, or say you want to upgrade to a B550 model.
Yeah, it sucks, it's fraud, but it's a drop in the ocean, and you're not gonna bankrupt msi or the store selling you the part.
if it's cream/white component, it was a surface mount capacitor.
if it's black, it's a surface mount ferrite bead or inductor... these filter the signal going to connectors or to some chips (ex usb controller)
if it's brownish/black/gray with or without a number (if it's too small there's no number) it's a resistor.
It's a high probability the component was in series meaning there's a wire in motherboard going from one component (the cpu for example) to another (the video out connector, or usb connector or something) and the part was on the wire [source ] ----- wire ---- [ component ] ------ [ connector]
As the signals moved through the surface mount component, and now the component is no longer in circuit, that bit after the component probably won't work right or at all.
For example, HDMI connector may need 6 or 8 wires with signals to go into it, but because the part is gone, or 5 or 7 wires carry the signal into the hdmi connector. So, your monitor may not be able to decode the signal from the HDMI connector.
If you don't have integrated graphics, then you won't be affected, because there's no signals going through those wires.
Just the same, if the wire was carrying some signals to some usb ports, then you could have problems detecting a device plugged into the usb connector for example, or the motherboard may get upset if it detects a device, sends commands to it, but replies never reach the motherboard because the reply was supposed to come through that wire that's now interrupted.
(you could in theory solve this issue by disabling those usb ports from bios and you'd have a working pc, but nothing would happen when you try to use those specific usb ports in the back)