What GPU would bring my old Alienware back to life?
Firstly: I would be careful about buying a gaming GPU to then use in a server later - even when not under load, it will be less power efficient, run hotter and make more noise. Home servers, even if they double as a HTPC are better with lower spec or onboard graphics - a i3 iGPU or AM4 5500G/5700G is plenty for plain server work.
Regarding the immediate need for GPU: you are stuck between a rock and a hard place....
Normally with a CPU that is OVER 12 years, that will very, very quickly become the main bottleneck, so I was going to say to avoid nVidia..... as you step up the GPU tiers, the nVidia GPU's have an increasingly high CPU overhead for the way they manage their drivers (AMD GPU's manage this on the GPU hardware, so reduce load on the CPU) - so in instances where the CPU has become the extreme bottleneck, the performance will go DOWN with a better GPU, even with everything else being the same.
However since you've flagged this is focussed specifically on BeamNG, the game is apparently heavily optimised for nVidia's Maxwell GPU (e.g. GTX970), but should have some carry over to something newer like Pascal or Turing.
GTX1070 will be WELL within budget (likely ~$100) and should be significantly above the recommend/top spec of a GTX970.... you will probably get diminishing returns after that as you'll hit CPU and game engine limits. If you wanted something newer, then a GTX1660Super is a really solid card and also <$200.
I had a quick look into other options:
RAM: Make sure you are running FOUR matched memory sticks to get the benefit of that quad channel memory!
CPU: it is Sandybridge "E", so it is a Workstation Socket 2011E... in theory you could upgrade that to a 3960X (6 core), but they're a crazy price premium $75-$100 and you would be better off with an AM4 B450+R5 1600X (similar performance and it will have some future cheap upgrade options), but you'd also need new RAM, etc... so worth looking at a full system replacement (e.g. AM5 7600, B650 motherboard and DDR5 6000 CL30 will set you back around $450-$500 for a solid starting point). You might want to consider putting some of the remaining budget into the 3960X if you wanted to max out that old platform though?
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