RaddyKewl

It's an unconventional solution to a conventional problem that can be solved in a conventional way...
I am not sure it will work reliably and problem free, and it will look like a mess:

 
I recommend to use a PC and install TrueNAS on it to setup and manage your NAS.
 
Here is an example of me accessing my game NAS from macOS:

You can definitely make a software-RAID managed NAS with ARM-based SBCs (like Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 with a SATA-heavy carrier boards) that supports trueNAS Core, but that will require some tweaking and definitely not the best out of the box experience. There is also ARM based NAS on the lower end like this asusTOR and Synology.
Possible, and in fact both OWC (the exasperatingly expensive storage guys, not the osu tourney guys) and Akitio has one. Do be noted though that both needs a software on their own to support RAID fully, and some on the market doesnt even have one.

External Thunderbolt RAID arrays exist, but they're more expensive than a standalone Synology with the same number of drive bays.
 
https://eshop.macsales.com/shop/thunderbay-4/thunderbolt-3-raid-5
 
You could bodge it together with USB hard drives, but I'm not sure if you can put them together in a software RAID.

Is there a reason why you want a apple nas? Apple uses the same smb protocol for sharing as windows and almost every other nas devices. Id just get something like a synology or any other nas. I can't think of anything that a mac would do as a nas that a windows/linux/premade box couldn't. 

This…
 
Being a fully apple ecosystem doesn’t mean you can’t use a linux based NAS… Truenas will work just as well for a mac user as anything else (if not better).
 
Trying to build an outside of the standard box solution using Mac hardware simply “because Mac” is going to be painful. As others suggested, use a prebuilt NAS, or build one with unraid or truenas. 

If you want something simple as possible, I would look in to Synology NAS with as many drive spaces and the power you want.
 
Btw, when it comes to CPU power: just accessing files over LAN like an external drive uses very little CPU. But if you start streaming video from it in a way that makes it need to re encode the files to make them another codec or smaller, then you need to be more careful what you get on that front.
(Might be needed if you stream out of the house or to devices that don't support the spesific codec)

Even without bonjour, the synology and other linux/windows systems will show up under network and work. Id still just use the connect to server prompt as the auto search for computers on the network never seems to work super well.

To OP’s point, my MacBook, at least as far as I know, can’t mount a network location like windows can. So I always have to go to connect to server and re-connect. Works fine, it’s all just SMB, but it is annoying Apple in their infinite wisdom has no way to mount network shares (unless they do, and I have just missed this my entire life?). 
 
I am not sure if bonjour “fixes” this tho, I have only ever used SMB shares presented by linux on my network. If it does, I could see some benefit. But personally… ZFS is the only thing I trust with my data long term, thus it wouldn’t matter to me, truenas is where my data lives 🙂

Synology is the closest product to what Apple would make as a NAS product.

But of course! You're just renting a virtual machine in a datacenter. You usually get at least one public IP address to work with, too.
 
As long as you don't try to hack their network, run a spam factory, or distribute illegal materials, the VM you rent is yours to do with as you please.

Even if the hardware was free, you could get shared web hosting or a VPS from a service like DigitalOcean for far less than the monthly cost of DSL.
 
Your use case might even fit inside the 'free forever' tier on Oracle Cloud.

A good shared hosting account is 5-10$ a month. 
 
Problem with home internet connections is chance of IP address changing often, and you can't have a mail server and send emails to people (as "home-user" IP addresses are added in blocklists and filters and emails would be rejected), and you may have in the terms of service some lines about not being allowed to host websites...
And... you would need a computer run 24/7 to host those websites, costing you 1-2$ a month at minimum (ex 30w x 24h x 31 days = 22320 watts = 22 kWh x 0.1$ per kWh (optimist) = 2$
 
To actually host, you'd just need apache or nginx or some other web server, a database server (maria db is the open fork of mysql), php ... these can run on linux or windows then you'd need to point the dns entry for the domains you have to your IP address, and configure port forwarding on your router (ex anything coming to port 80 and 443 is routed to your server's local IP address.
As mail alternative, you could resort to a service like sendgrid or other more competitive ones (some give you let's say 50-100 free emails a day or 1000 free emails a month or something like that. which may be enough for subscribe ,  forgot/recover password emails features of your websites. basically, you sign up with such service and instead of using the mail server provided by dreamhost or your own, you use that service's API to send emails with their email servers.
 
 

There's a couple of flaws in your plan.
The idea is good, but your ISP might have terms that disallow such activity on a private plan, and on a business plan you might get other limitations, such as bandwidth limitation and a higher monthly cost. (plus, probably insane fees if you use more than your allocated bandwidth)
A shared host often also has protections, such as DDOS protection, backups in the case of faulty hardware, uptime guarantee.
As others has stated, you also have the cost of electricity, hardware maintenance, software maintenance.
 
In the long run, a shared host or even a low-tier VPS from DigitalOcean or Linode might fit your needs perfectly. (easy to setup multiple websites with let's encrypt on a single VPS, and some shared webhosting solutions allows multiple domains on a single account)
Also, multiple IP's to one domain is a okay technique for redundancy, but it doesn't actually check whether or not the IP is offline, and thus clients might connect through the service that is offline. (check Round-robin DNS)
 
Just read your last reply: Zoho has a solution for a custom domain, for free.

You have to put the gateway in to bridge mode or replace it with a standard modem. Disabling DHCP on the gateway is not enough because its still acting as a router. 
 
Due to Federal Law Comcast has to allow customer owned modems. They have a sizable list online that will be compatible. 

Your looking for a router that supports fail over. Also you dont want to hook a router to a router. That will create double NAT. So your current gear with Comcast will need to be replaced or put in to bridge mode. AT&T last I heard required you to use their gateway, they dont support bridge mode, but it should support pass thru mode which should work. 
 
I know for a fact that Synology RT2600AC can do both fail over and load balancing. The only downside is you loose a LAN port as its used as the second WAN port. The other downside is its only WIFi 5, but the router has some nice features, such as the ability to keep an eye on what devices are using all the bandwidth, which is nice considering Crapcast has data caps. It also allows you to limit or guarantee bandwidth on a per device level. Another thing is this router supports 4G via a USB dongle. 
 
Sounds like you have a signal issue. If your TV service is going down as well, then its bad. Cable modems need the best possible signal, but the TV boxes can settle for a bit less. It continue to call them and if they do nothing, contact the FCC and file a complaint. Comcast will turn its shit around really quick and in a hurry. You can file a complaint here: https://consumercomplaints.fcc.gov/hc/en-us

Based on my understanding, no.
 
You could set your computer's DNS server IP to the local IP of the RasPi once it's been assigned an IP, but it's impossible to force every computer on a network to use a specific DNS without either the router (automatically) or you (manually) telling them to.

haha i think this is a meam haha
 

one thing you can do that might help (long term) they sell bent metal "monitor mounts" for those.  (HP / Dell / Lenovo) 
 
one of those would make it easy to swap between boxes.  They'll all look a little different, but will look like this:

So my company replaced my desktop with another desktop. Similar form factor and functionality, but has a different image that isn't as locked down as the previous computer. I opened it up and the internals look about the same as the Dell. A benefit of an HP is that I can use 3rd party power adapters, so I can keep the one they supplied at home, and buy another one for travel. Hopefully I can mod the power adapter to work with both the computer and the LCD screen, if it can't be powered off of USB-C.

HP 800 G4 EliteDesk

I work for a large corporation. I work remotely, and I'm provided with a corporate imaged desktop computer. They told us they would give us laptops, but reneged on that promise. I want to travel. I shouldn't be stuck at home, when I can do my job from anywhere that internet is available. It's just not feasible to lug a mini desktop computer, monitor, keyboard, mouse, webcam, and headset into a Starbucks every time I have to make that money.
 
I highly doubt I could just clone the hard drive to a laptop, because the image used is ridiculously locked down, driver compatibility, and the mac address is how I'm provisioned onto the VPN.
 
How hard would it be, to buy an old, laptop, with a good keyboard and screen, and transfer the logic board of the Dell Optiplex 7070 into it, and get it hooked up and working with the laptop parts? The crafting and fitting it into a case, should be the easy part. It's the connecting to a laptop screen and laptop keyboard that will be the challenge.
 
I don't necessarily need a battery, it can be plugged in full time. Touchpad wouldn't be necessary, because I would use a wireless mouse. I know I'd have to worry about thermals... some of our software tends to ramp up the fans on it. It has to be reversible... because eventually I'd need to turn in the computer, whether for an upgrade, or if I leave the company. Does anyone have recommendations for a donor laptop, and how to go about connecting the keyboard and screen? Or a different solution to my problem?
 

the briefcase idea is the best. you might be able to find a smaller one but i dont no. it would depend on how big of monitor you wanted and how small of a keyboard you want.
 
then it looks like the psu / brick looks like a barrel plug what size i dont no you have to find that out then get and panel mount connector drill and mount it
 
de pending if you wan usb panel mount, headphone jack, Ethernet or w/e you might need too
 
you can probably find a blue tooth mouse and keyboard thow you will need to charge them now and then.
 
hope it has an ssd and not an hdd as hdd ant really meant to be tossed around
 
 
 
 
 

that is a really good idea and one i never would have thought of.
 
or maybe buy an igloo or yeti cooler so it can be water cooled easier. lol

This honestly seems like the most surefire way. Really like this suggestion. 

I'd say:

Buy a sizable Pelican case, or a very durable briefcase sized case.
 
Mount a LCD To the top of the case.
 
Mount the tiny to the bottom of it.  Externally mount a power connector, and such.  use that as a "laptop"