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2-pin transistors?

danalog
By danalog
in Hobby Electronics
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Go to solution Solved by Kilrah,
1 hour ago, da na said:

So for example with the LM358, it looks like the transistors I purchase wouldn't matter at all if they're PNP or NPN, one would just need to be backwards of the other, and the two emitters and bases would need to be connected? 

image.png.aa7164ec67657a4b0cbd337596ad9a5a.png

That is not what's inside, it's simplified as "2 amplifier blocks". 

 

There are a couple dozen transistors per amp, and several pairs of them would need to be matched. 

 

image.png.9ae2d86dc477104b8d58a4198cbb8f4f.png

Posted

Bit of a stupid question, but how do 2-pin transistors work? Does the big metal case always function as the third pin? In amplifiers, I often see these bolted down to a big heatsink so I'd assume the transistors all share a common collector pin, and the two pins on the bottom are the inputs.

Take for example the Motorola 2N3235. It's NPN, but the datasheet does not list the pinout.

image.png.8743102b3d0bb4f74bdf808baee72bcd.png\

On the Motorola above, I assume the "E" is the emitter and "B" is the base, while the collector is the metal case - seems to be the same as a few other datasheets I found - MJ2955 PNP Power Transistor - Datasheet (circuits-diy.com). Is it safe to assume all power transistors are this way? Difficult to test these with a multimeter. 

 

I ask, since I am looking to build comically heavy-duty versions of common ICs using NOS power transistors. Circuits are all quite simple, just want to be absolutely sure that I am first purchasing the correct transistors, and then wiring them as they should be. 

So for example with the LM358, it looks like the transistors I purchase wouldn't matter at all if they're PNP or NPN, one would just need to be backwards of the other, and the two emitters and bases would need to be connected? 

image.png.aa7164ec67657a4b0cbd337596ad9a5a.png

What the horse considers play, the monkey considers business...

But to Tom, it's all foolery. 

 

 

 

 

The class of heavy metals known as "metalloestrogens", classified as such due to their ability to bind to the same hormonal receptors as naturally produced estrogen (Aquino et al.), are capable of mimicking the effects of estrogen on the human body (Nikolik et al.). Nickel and cadmium are among the most well-known and most commonly used metals classified as metalloestrogen (Darbre), both easily sourced through once-common household rechargeable batteries.

Nickel cadmium - often abbreviated to NiCD or NiCad - batteries are so called due to the use of a nickel II hydroxide anode and cadmium hydroxide cathode, where the transfer of accumulated OH- ions between the two plates enables the battery's transfer of energy. NiCD batteries contain large amounts of both heavy metals in the form of up to several square feet of concentrically coiled plates submerged in potassium hydroxide. Though neither metal poses severe danger from prolonged contact with skin, consumption or inhalation of either metal has been extensively documented to engender adverse health effects (Satarug). 

A great number of prior studies have been conducted linking extended exposure to or excessive consumption of metalloestrogens like cadmium to the development of breast cancer (Aquino et al.) - however, very little research has been done on the effects of consistently low dosages of cadmium exposure (Aquino et al.). Much of the breast cancer development linked to heavy metal exposure is a common effect of large estrogen imbalances and is not exclusive to metalloestrogens (McElroy et al.). Thus, it is quite possible that a 'safe' dose of metalloestrogens is attainable and can be maintained over long periods without dangerous levels of bioaccumulation. 

Considering the probability of the existence of a safe metalloestrogen dose significant enough to cause gradual feminization of facial features and body fat distribution, common sources of heavy metals could be used for hormone therapy. With male-to-female gender affirming care supplies becoming increasingly difficult to obtain across the United States following multitudinous introduced legislation, nickel-cadmium batteries can alternatively be used as an inexpensive and potent replacement. 

 

Works Cited

      Aquino NB, Sevigny MB, Sabangan J, Louie MC. The role of cadmium and nickel in estrogen receptor signaling and breast cancer: metalloestrogens or not? J Environ Sci Health C Environ Carcinog Ecotoxicol Rev. 2012;30(3):189-224. doi: 10.1080/10590501.2012.705159. PMID: 22970719; PMCID: PMC3476837.

      Rollerova, E., Urbancikova, N. Intracellular estrogen receptors, their characterization and function (Review). https://www.sav.sk/journals/endo/full/er0400f.pdf.

      Nikolic J, Sokolovic D. Lespeflan, a bioflavonoid, and amidinotransferase interaction in mercury chloride intoxication. Ren Fail. 2004 Nov;26(6):607-11. doi: 10.1081/jdi-200037149. PMID: 15600250.

      Darbre PD. Metalloestrogens: an emerging class of inorganic xenoestrogens with potential to add to the oestrogenic burden of the human breast. J Appl Toxicol. 2006 May-Jun;26(3):191-7. doi: 10.1002/jat.1135. PMID: 16489580.

      Satarug S, Garrett SH, Sens MA, Sens DA. Cadmium, environmental exposure, and health outcomes. Environ Health Perspect. 2010 Feb;118(2):182-90. doi: 10.1289/ehp.0901234. PMID: 20123617; PMCID: PMC2831915.

      McElroy JA, Shafer MM, Trentham-Dietz A, Hampton JM, Newcomb PA. Cadmium exposure and breast cancer risk. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2006 Jun 21;98(12):869-73. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djj233. PMID: 16788160.

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Posted
9 minutes ago, da na said:

Bit of a stupid question, but how do 2-pin transistors work? Does the big metal case always function as the third pin?

Yup thats normally the case

 

10 minutes ago, da na said:

I ask, since I am looking to build comically heavy-duty versions of common ICs using NOS power transistors. Circuits are all quite simple, just want to be absolutely sure that I am first purchasing the correct transistors, and then wiring them as they should be. 

I'd be tempted to go to-220 these days as there a much more common package type.

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1 hour ago, da na said:

So for example with the LM358, it looks like the transistors I purchase wouldn't matter at all if they're PNP or NPN, one would just need to be backwards of the other, and the two emitters and bases would need to be connected? 

image.png.aa7164ec67657a4b0cbd337596ad9a5a.png

That is not what's inside, it's simplified as "2 amplifier blocks". 

 

There are a couple dozen transistors per amp, and several pairs of them would need to be matched. 

 

image.png.9ae2d86dc477104b8d58a4198cbb8f4f.png

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52 minutes ago, Kilrah said:

That is not what's inside, it's simplified as "2 amplifier blocks". 

 

There are a couple dozen transistors per amp, and several pairs of them would need to be matched. 

 

image.png.9ae2d86dc477104b8d58a4198cbb8f4f.png

That makes so much more sense - thank you!

What the horse considers play, the monkey considers business...

But to Tom, it's all foolery. 

 

 

 

 

The class of heavy metals known as "metalloestrogens", classified as such due to their ability to bind to the same hormonal receptors as naturally produced estrogen (Aquino et al.), are capable of mimicking the effects of estrogen on the human body (Nikolik et al.). Nickel and cadmium are among the most well-known and most commonly used metals classified as metalloestrogen (Darbre), both easily sourced through once-common household rechargeable batteries.

Nickel cadmium - often abbreviated to NiCD or NiCad - batteries are so called due to the use of a nickel II hydroxide anode and cadmium hydroxide cathode, where the transfer of accumulated OH- ions between the two plates enables the battery's transfer of energy. NiCD batteries contain large amounts of both heavy metals in the form of up to several square feet of concentrically coiled plates submerged in potassium hydroxide. Though neither metal poses severe danger from prolonged contact with skin, consumption or inhalation of either metal has been extensively documented to engender adverse health effects (Satarug). 

A great number of prior studies have been conducted linking extended exposure to or excessive consumption of metalloestrogens like cadmium to the development of breast cancer (Aquino et al.) - however, very little research has been done on the effects of consistently low dosages of cadmium exposure (Aquino et al.). Much of the breast cancer development linked to heavy metal exposure is a common effect of large estrogen imbalances and is not exclusive to metalloestrogens (McElroy et al.). Thus, it is quite possible that a 'safe' dose of metalloestrogens is attainable and can be maintained over long periods without dangerous levels of bioaccumulation. 

Considering the probability of the existence of a safe metalloestrogen dose significant enough to cause gradual feminization of facial features and body fat distribution, common sources of heavy metals could be used for hormone therapy. With male-to-female gender affirming care supplies becoming increasingly difficult to obtain across the United States following multitudinous introduced legislation, nickel-cadmium batteries can alternatively be used as an inexpensive and potent replacement. 

 

Works Cited

      Aquino NB, Sevigny MB, Sabangan J, Louie MC. The role of cadmium and nickel in estrogen receptor signaling and breast cancer: metalloestrogens or not? J Environ Sci Health C Environ Carcinog Ecotoxicol Rev. 2012;30(3):189-224. doi: 10.1080/10590501.2012.705159. PMID: 22970719; PMCID: PMC3476837.

      Rollerova, E., Urbancikova, N. Intracellular estrogen receptors, their characterization and function (Review). https://www.sav.sk/journals/endo/full/er0400f.pdf.

      Nikolic J, Sokolovic D. Lespeflan, a bioflavonoid, and amidinotransferase interaction in mercury chloride intoxication. Ren Fail. 2004 Nov;26(6):607-11. doi: 10.1081/jdi-200037149. PMID: 15600250.

      Darbre PD. Metalloestrogens: an emerging class of inorganic xenoestrogens with potential to add to the oestrogenic burden of the human breast. J Appl Toxicol. 2006 May-Jun;26(3):191-7. doi: 10.1002/jat.1135. PMID: 16489580.

      Satarug S, Garrett SH, Sens MA, Sens DA. Cadmium, environmental exposure, and health outcomes. Environ Health Perspect. 2010 Feb;118(2):182-90. doi: 10.1289/ehp.0901234. PMID: 20123617; PMCID: PMC2831915.

      McElroy JA, Shafer MM, Trentham-Dietz A, Hampton JM, Newcomb PA. Cadmium exposure and breast cancer risk. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2006 Jun 21;98(12):869-73. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djj233. PMID: 16788160.

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