Wacky Windows
Problem 1 sounds like a grounding issue, or possibly damage to the card (or motherboard) when transferring cases. Ensure that you're using the correct height of standoffs, and check for any damage where the motherboard or gpu may be making a small amount of electrical contact with the case - especially around the pcie x16 slot. The card itself could be grounding the motherboard to the case via the back panel, leading to floating ground voltage.
Problems 2 and 3 sound like common examples of "why drive recovery is hard". Sata signalling can easily cause a machine to completely lock up, and (since hard drives are generally a piece of hardware that's connected during startup) prevent boot entirely. Your best bet to try to recover data from that disk is to connect it via a usb to sata dock, since at least then you have a *chance* of having it be detected by your machine - and can be connected after it's booted fully.
That's all I can think of from the info you provided so far.

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