Separate Windows Drive and Files & Programs Drive

[GalaxyCat]

I have an M.2 SSD primarily for Windows 10 so the boot time is minimal and a HDD for pretty much everything else. I want to be able to set it up so that if the M.2 were to fail or get corrupted such that I can pair my HDD with another M.2 with Windows 10 installed on it like nothing happened. Is this possible? I've tried, in the past, installing programs to different partitions but I always had to reinstall the programs despite them being installed on different partitions. Is it possible to avoid that? If I could also get Pictures, Downloads, Music, etc. (you know the pre-loaded folders) to change locations that would be awesome too.