You kinda have to tell us what terminology you're stuck on first.... we cant give you a few 1000 words.

Lets start with SATA.. What does it mean and what does it do?

SATA - Serial Advanced Technology Attachment.

This is a connected commonly found on Hard Drives (HDD) and Solid State Drives) as well as Optical Drives. These connectors send data from peripheral devices to the computer.

Example: You connect a SATA cable to your Hard Drive to that the computer (or CPU) can read the sata off the drive.

 Alright.. whats the difference between an ATX and an ITX motherboard? and whats the difference between AMD and Intel chips??

The difference between atx and itx is the size of the motherboard/case.  ATX is standard, then MATX (micro), then ITX which is the smallest standard size.  There are larger sizes too.  EATX, etc.

whats the difference between raid 1, 0 and 10?