My system is running better with the GeForce RTX 2060 Super but is unfortunately still crashing. Instead of getting a black screen and a PC shutdown/restart, it now "only" crashes to desktop. I've been testing with other games and it seems that none of them are immune to this issue.
I have however gotten some new information from the event viewer. Apparently it's caused by something called a "TDR" (timeout detection and recovery) which normally happens when the workload sent to the graphics card is greater than what the graphics card can process in the normal allotted time of two seconds.
Recently this happened in Doom and has also happened multiple times in Slime Rancher. Both games are are well below 50 % GPU utilization at all times so I find it hard to believe that my graphics card doesn't have enough GPU power to handle the workload, so I think it's pretty safe to assume by now that there is some defect on my B450 Tomahawk MAX motherboard. Especially since I've been able to reproduce this error with 3 different grahics cards...
Will return it on monday and get an Asus rog strix b450-f gaming motherboard instead. Hopefully there won't be any more problems after that.
Doom-OpenGL-Error.evtx