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CPU Utilization is Wrong

Orcblood

According to a Netflix Senior performance architect, Brandon Gregg, the OS CPU utilization reporting is WRONG and is getting worse. There was a Lightning Talk video posted by Opensource.com's youtube channel of Brandon speaking about this topic at the 2018 Southern CA. Linux Expo(SCALE). Video was posted in April but brought further attention by ExtremeTech. (I looked hard for an earlier post). Why would this matter for Netflix? Well Netflix uses it for its to adjust video quality automatically "auto scaling rules". As pointed by ExtremeTech not only has this been inaccurate already due Hyper-Threading and SMT which is the case for Windows and Linux (and more than likely Mac OS also), but is further exacerbated by recent security flaws and their respective fixes. What are these security flaws? Well if you guessed Spectre & Meltdown you are correct!

 

The KPTI(Kernel Page-Table Isolation) patches for these renowned security flaws causes TLB(Translation Lookaside Buffer) flushes which causes stall cycles in the CPU. The stall cycles don't get accounted for when reporting CPU utilization which causes the OS performance metric to be inaccurate, and can show utilization that is way more than it really is. To put it another way software threads may stall to wait for external resources (eg. memory) thus not giving anymore work to the processor. The kernel only measures the time when the thread begins utilization and when the thread completely stops. It assumes the CPU is used the entire time and doesn't take into account if is stalled or not. He gave two examples, one that seems to be only hypothetical and one that is real case using MySQL. The images bellow both show what would be reported and what is actual.

 

Hypothetical:

Reported -

https://imgur.com/a/ss2NDyf

 

Actual -

https://imgur.com/a/Bjgwl6v

 

MySQL:

https://imgur.com/a/KWQ8DST

 

Quote

CPU utilization is wrong. That’s the argument Brandon Gregg, Netflix’s senior performance architect, has leveled against one of the most fundamental performance measurement tools we use when evaluating a system. According to Gregg, CPU utilization as reported by Windows isn’t just wrong — it’s actively getting worse over time.

 

This piece may be a bit interesting.

Quote

The entire reason we implemented advanced caching structures with L1, L2, and L3 cache is precisely because the DRAM gap stalls out CPUs and lowers overall performance. But now, there’s another problem causing issues for CPU utilization: Spectre and Meltdown patches.

Quote

But the takeaway is this: CPU utilization, as reported by Windows, is often incorrect. All too often, what looks like CPU usage is actually a stalled CPU waiting to do something useful.

Article:

https://www.extremetech.com/computing/268661-cpu-utilization-is-wrong-on-pcs-and-getting-worse-every-year

Youtube Video:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QkcBASKLyeU

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That's why any PC enthusiast ever uses outside programs. It's only really helpful to see if it's at 100% or near 50%. Also can netflix support 21:9 content and get rid of DRM k thanks

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Just keeping this here as a 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̌̅̒̾̈́̆͌̌̾̎̽̐̅̏́̈̔͛̀̋̃͊̒̓͗͒̑͒̃͂̌̄̇̑̇͛̆̾͛̒̇̍̒̓̀̈́̄̐͂̍͊͗̎̔͌͛̂̏̉̊̎͗͊͒̂̈̽̊́̔̊̃͑̈́̑̌̋̓̅̔́́͒̄̈́̈̂͐̈̅̈̓͌̓͊́̆͌̉͐̊̉͛̓̏̓̅̈́͂̉̒̇̉̆̀̍̄̇͆͛̏̉̑̃̓͂́͋̃̆̒͋̓͊̄́̓̕̕̕̚͘͘͘̚̕̚͘̕̕͜͜͝͝͝͠͝͝͝͝͠ͅS̷̢̨̧̢̡̨̢̨̢̨̧̧̨̧͚̱̪͇̱̮̪̮̦̝͖̜͙̘̪̘̟̱͇͎̻̪͚̩͍̠̹̮͚̦̝̤͖̙͔͚̙̺̩̥̻͈̺̦͕͈̹̳̖͓̜͚̜̭͉͇͖̟͔͕̹̯̬͍̱̫̮͓̙͇̗̙̼͚̪͇̦̗̜̼̠͈̩̠͉͉̘̱̯̪̟͕̘͖̝͇̼͕̳̻̜͖̜͇̣̠̹̬̗̝͓̖͚̺̫͛̉̅̐̕͘͜͜͜͜ͅͅͅ.̶̨̢̢̨̢̨̢̛̻͙̜̼̮̝̙̣̘̗̪̜̬̳̫̙̮̣̹̥̲̥͇͈̮̟͉̰̮̪̲̗̳̰̫̙͍̦̘̠̗̥̮̹̤̼̼̩͕͉͕͇͙̯̫̩̦̟̦̹͈͔̱̝͈̤͓̻̟̮̱͖̟̹̝͉̰͊̓̏̇͂̅̀̌͑̿͆̿̿͗̽̌̈́̉̂̀̒̊̿͆̃̄͑͆̃̇͒̀͐̍̅̃̍̈́̃̕͘͜͜͝͠͠z̴̢̢̡̧̢̢̧̢̨̡̨̛̛̛̛̛̛̛̛̲͚̠̜̮̠̜̞̤̺͈̘͍̻̫͖̣̥̗̙̳͓͙̫̫͖͍͇̬̲̳̭̘̮̤̬̖̼͎̬̯̼̮͔̭̠͎͓̼̖̟͈͓̦̩̦̳̙̮̗̮̩͙͓̮̰̜͎̺̞̝̪͎̯̜͈͇̪̙͎̩͖̭̟͎̲̩͔͓͈͌́̿͐̍̓͗͑̒̈́̎͂̋͂̀͂̑͂͊͆̍͛̄̃͌͗̌́̈̊́́̅͗̉͛͌͋̂̋̇̅̔̇͊͑͆̐̇͊͋̄̈́͆̍̋̏͑̓̈́̏̀͒̂̔̄̅̇̌̀̈́̿̽̋͐̾̆͆͆̈̌̿̈́̎͌̊̓̒͐̾̇̈́̍͛̅͌̽́̏͆̉́̉̓̅́͂͛̄̆͌̈́̇͐̒̿̾͌͊͗̀͑̃̊̓̈̈́̊͒̒̏̿́͑̄̑͋̀̽̀̔̀̎̄͑̌̔́̉̐͛̓̐̅́̒̎̈͆̀̍̾̀͂̄̈́̈́̈́̑̏̈́̐̽̐́̏̂̐̔̓̉̈́͂̕̚̕͘͘̚͘̚̕̚̚̚͘̕̕̕͜͜͝͠͠͝͝͝͝͠͝͝͝͠͝͝͝͝͝͝ͅͅͅī̸̧̧̧̡̨̨̢̨̛̛̘͓̼̰̰̮̗̰͚̙̥̣͍̦̺͈̣̻͇̱͔̰͈͓͖͈̻̲̫̪̲͈̜̲̬̖̻̰̦̰͙̤̘̝̦̟͈̭̱̮̠͍̖̲͉̫͔͖͔͈̻̖̝͎̖͕͔̣͈̤̗̱̀̅̃̈́͌̿̏͋̊̇̂̀̀̒̉̄̈́͋͌̽́̈́̓̑̈̀̍͗͜͜͠͠ͅp̴̢̢̧̨̡̡̨̢̨̢̢̢̨̡̛̛͕̩͕̟̫̝͈̖̟̣̲̖̭̙͇̟̗͖͎̹͇̘̰̗̝̹̤̺͉͎̙̝̟͙͚̦͚͖̜̫̰͖̼̤̥̤̹̖͉͚̺̥̮̮̫͖͍̼̰̭̤̲͔̩̯̣͖̻͇̞̳̬͉̣̖̥̣͓̤͔̪̙͎̰̬͚̣̭̞̬͎̼͉͓̮͙͕̗̦̞̥̮̘̻͎̭̼͚͎͈͇̥̗͖̫̮̤̦͙̭͎̝͖̣̰̱̩͎̩͎̘͇̟̠̱̬͈̗͍̦̘̱̰̤̱̘̫̫̮̥͕͉̥̜̯͖̖͍̮̼̲͓̤̮͈̤͓̭̝̟̲̲̳̟̠͉̙̻͕͙̞͔̖͈̱̞͓͔̬̮͎̙̭͎̩̟̖͚̆͐̅͆̿͐̄̓̀̇̂̊̃̂̄̊̀͐̍̌̅͌̆͊̆̓́̄́̃̆͗͊́̓̀͑͐̐̇͐̍́̓̈́̓̑̈̈́̽͂́̑͒͐͋̊͊̇̇̆̑̃̈́̎͛̎̓͊͛̐̾́̀͌̐̈́͛̃̂̈̿̽̇̋̍͒̍͗̈͘̚̚͘̚͘͘͜͜͜͜͜͜͠͠͝͝ͅͅͅ☻♥■∞{╚mYÄÜXτ╕○\╚Θº£¥ΘBM@Q05♠{{↨↨▬§¶‼↕◄►☼1♦  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I thought it was common knowledge that Task Manager wasn't 100% accurate, which is why people always recommend something else like CPU-Z.

Quote or tag me( @Crunchy Dragon) if you want me to see your reply

If a post solved your problem/answered your question, please consider marking it as "solved"

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2 minutes ago, BuckGup said:

That's why any PC enthusiast ever uses outside programs. It's only really helpful to see if it's at 100% or near 50%. Also can netflix support 21:9 content and get rid of DRM k thanks

I didn't realized they don't support 21:9, I use a extension in chrome to fix YouTube videos encoded at 16:9 that are 21:9 content.

if you want to annoy me, then join my teamspeak server ts.benja.cc

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10 minutes ago, Technicolors said:

what's the cpu utilization reporting like in macos? 

same problem in all modern oses. Program wait time is registered as used by the program.

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Similar issue with drive utilization. It’s hard to quantify drive use because there’s so many components to it but the % metric you see is actually “active time” (time the disk is not idle) rather than a measure of read/write speed or or latency.

 

It’d be nice if a cpu could actually tell you where the bottleneck is (would be really useful for people who want to optimize code). Is the bottleneck the cache? Is it the scheduler, the ALU? Certain specific component (like a hardware encoder)? Is it bottlenecked by RAM latency (poorly predicted caching?) etc

 

Not sure if any tools like that exist but hardware level monitoring of specific intra-component processess would be a really nice feature to have for many people.

Primary PC-

CPU: Intel i7-6800k @ 4.2-4.4Ghz   CPU COOLER: Bequiet Dark Rock Pro 4   MOBO: MSI X99A SLI Plus   RAM: 32GB Corsair Vengeance LPX quad-channel DDR4-2800  GPU: EVGA GTX 1080 SC2 iCX   PSU: Corsair RM1000i   CASE: Corsair 750D Obsidian   SSDs: 500GB Samsung 960 Evo + 256GB Samsung 850 Pro   HDDs: Toshiba 3TB + Seagate 1TB   Monitors: Acer Predator XB271HUC 27" 2560x1440 (165Hz G-Sync)  +  LG 29UM57 29" 2560x1080   OS: Windows 10 Pro

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Other Systems:

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Home HTPC/NAS-

CPU: AMD FX-8320 @ 4.4Ghz  MOBO: Gigabyte 990FXA-UD3   RAM: 16GB dual-channel DDR3-1600  GPU: Gigabyte GTX 760 OC   PSU: Rosewill 750W   CASE: Antec Gaming One   SSD: 120GB PNY CS1311   HDDs: WD Red 3TB + WD 320GB   Monitor: Samsung SyncMaster 2693HM 26" 1920x1200 -or- Steam Link to Vizio M43C1 43" 4K TV  OS: Windows 10 Pro

 

Offsite NAS/VM Server-

CPU: 2x Xeon E5645 (12-core)  Model: Dell PowerEdge T610  RAM: 16GB DDR3-1333  PSUs: 2x 570W  SSDs: 8GB Kingston Boot FD + 32GB Sandisk Cache SSD   HDDs: WD Red 4TB + Seagate 2TB + Seagate 320GB   OS: FreeNAS 11+

 

Laptop-

CPU: Intel i7-3520M   Model: Dell Latitude E6530   RAM: 8GB dual-channel DDR3-1600  GPU: Nvidia NVS 5200M   SSD: 240GB TeamGroup L5   HDD: WD Black 320GB   Monitor: Samsung SyncMaster 2693HM 26" 1920x1200   OS: Windows 10 Pro

Having issues with a Corsair AIO? Possible fix here:

Spoiler

Are you getting weird fan behavior, speed fluctuations, and/or other issues with Link?

Are you running AIDA64, HWinfo, CAM, or HWmonitor? (ASUS suite & other monitoring software often have the same issue.)

Corsair Link has problems with some monitoring software so you may have to change some settings to get them to work smoothly.

-For AIDA64: First make sure you have the newest update installed, then, go to Preferences>Stability and make sure the "Corsair Link sensor support" box is checked and make sure the "Asetek LC sensor support" box is UNchecked.

-For HWinfo: manually disable all monitoring of the AIO sensors/components.

-For others: Disable any monitoring of Corsair AIO sensors.

That should fix the fan issue for some Corsair AIOs (H80i GT/v2, H110i GTX/H115i, H100i GTX and others made by Asetek). The problem is bad coding in Link that fights for AIO control with other programs. You can test if this worked by setting the fan speed in Link to 100%, if it doesn't fluctuate you are set and can change the curve to whatever. If that doesn't work or you're still having other issues then you probably still have a monitoring software interfering with the AIO/Link communications, find what it is and disable it.

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21 minutes ago, Crunchy Dragon said:

I thought it was common knowledge that Task Manager wasn't 100% accurate, which is why people always recommend something else like CPU-Z.

CPU-Z reports information about hardware, not running processes.

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I have noticed that temperature fluctuation seems to not immediately go hand in hand with windows reported CPU utilization, not sure if this is related.

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6 minutes ago, Misanthrope said:

I have noticed that temperature fluctuation seems to not immediately go hand in hand with windows reported CPU utilization, not sure if this is related.

There will always be a hysteresis when it comes to that, it’s pretty normal. Heat takes a little bit to build up and dissipate so the temp will lag behind the usage. This is super apparent with beefy coolers and especially liquid cooling where the cooler heats up and cools down much slower than the utilization changes.

Primary PC-

CPU: Intel i7-6800k @ 4.2-4.4Ghz   CPU COOLER: Bequiet Dark Rock Pro 4   MOBO: MSI X99A SLI Plus   RAM: 32GB Corsair Vengeance LPX quad-channel DDR4-2800  GPU: EVGA GTX 1080 SC2 iCX   PSU: Corsair RM1000i   CASE: Corsair 750D Obsidian   SSDs: 500GB Samsung 960 Evo + 256GB Samsung 850 Pro   HDDs: Toshiba 3TB + Seagate 1TB   Monitors: Acer Predator XB271HUC 27" 2560x1440 (165Hz G-Sync)  +  LG 29UM57 29" 2560x1080   OS: Windows 10 Pro

Album

Other Systems:

Spoiler

Home HTPC/NAS-

CPU: AMD FX-8320 @ 4.4Ghz  MOBO: Gigabyte 990FXA-UD3   RAM: 16GB dual-channel DDR3-1600  GPU: Gigabyte GTX 760 OC   PSU: Rosewill 750W   CASE: Antec Gaming One   SSD: 120GB PNY CS1311   HDDs: WD Red 3TB + WD 320GB   Monitor: Samsung SyncMaster 2693HM 26" 1920x1200 -or- Steam Link to Vizio M43C1 43" 4K TV  OS: Windows 10 Pro

 

Offsite NAS/VM Server-

CPU: 2x Xeon E5645 (12-core)  Model: Dell PowerEdge T610  RAM: 16GB DDR3-1333  PSUs: 2x 570W  SSDs: 8GB Kingston Boot FD + 32GB Sandisk Cache SSD   HDDs: WD Red 4TB + Seagate 2TB + Seagate 320GB   OS: FreeNAS 11+

 

Laptop-

CPU: Intel i7-3520M   Model: Dell Latitude E6530   RAM: 8GB dual-channel DDR3-1600  GPU: Nvidia NVS 5200M   SSD: 240GB TeamGroup L5   HDD: WD Black 320GB   Monitor: Samsung SyncMaster 2693HM 26" 1920x1200   OS: Windows 10 Pro

Having issues with a Corsair AIO? Possible fix here:

Spoiler

Are you getting weird fan behavior, speed fluctuations, and/or other issues with Link?

Are you running AIDA64, HWinfo, CAM, or HWmonitor? (ASUS suite & other monitoring software often have the same issue.)

Corsair Link has problems with some monitoring software so you may have to change some settings to get them to work smoothly.

-For AIDA64: First make sure you have the newest update installed, then, go to Preferences>Stability and make sure the "Corsair Link sensor support" box is checked and make sure the "Asetek LC sensor support" box is UNchecked.

-For HWinfo: manually disable all monitoring of the AIO sensors/components.

-For others: Disable any monitoring of Corsair AIO sensors.

That should fix the fan issue for some Corsair AIOs (H80i GT/v2, H110i GTX/H115i, H100i GTX and others made by Asetek). The problem is bad coding in Link that fights for AIO control with other programs. You can test if this worked by setting the fan speed in Link to 100%, if it doesn't fluctuate you are set and can change the curve to whatever. If that doesn't work or you're still having other issues then you probably still have a monitoring software interfering with the AIO/Link communications, find what it is and disable it.

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I fail to see their issue with the Spectre and Meltdown patches. Whether the CPU thread is working or is stalled on a resource lookup, the thread isn't available.

 

And like no duh it's not accurate. Modern CPU pipelines are incredibly complex, how would you measure the optimal usage of them even in a perfect world?

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like some of the comments on the article quoted i totally failed to see the point in this. Everyone knows windows is bad at reporting CPU utilization, as for the rest if the CPU is actually in use of stalled because it's waiting to access memory what is the point in discussing something that you can't actually do nothing about it? and if the CPU isn't available i think it would be worst to report that as available, i'm actually with windows on this.

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28 minutes ago, Misanthrope said:

I have noticed that temperature fluctuation seems to not immediately go hand in hand with windows reported CPU utilization, not sure if this is related.

Different computational tasks can put different thermal loads on the CPU.  So, depending on the task, one task could use all of the CPU's time but not generate nearly as hot as another task who's utilisation of the CPU's time stresses other parts of the CPU more so.

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55 minutes ago, The Benjamins said:

I didn't realized they don't support 21:9, I use a extension in chrome to fix YouTube videos encoded at 16:9 that are 21:9 content.

It's pretty stupid considering it's a content company only and most things are 21:9 anyways. Amazon and others already do it so I don't know what the problem

ƆԀ S₱▓Ɇ▓cs: i7 6ʇɥפᴉƎ00K (4.4ghz), Asus DeLuxe X99A II, GT҉X҉1҉0҉8҉0 Zotac Amp ExTrꍟꎭe),Si6F4Gb D???????r PlatinUm, EVGA G2 Sǝʌǝᘉ5ᙣᙍᖇᓎᙎᗅᖶt, Phanteks Enthoo Primo, 3TB WD Black, 500gb 850 Evo, H100iGeeTeeX, Windows 10, K70 R̸̢̡̭͍͕̱̭̟̩̀̀̃́̃͒̈́̈́͑̑́̆͘͜ͅG̶̦̬͊́B̸͈̝̖͗̈́, G502, HyperX Cloud 2s, Asus MX34. פN∩SW∀S 960 EVO

Just keeping this here as a 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1 hour ago, Crunchy Dragon said:

I thought it was common knowledge that Task Manager wasn't 100% accurate, which is why people always recommend something else

A software can only be more accurate than another if it relies on a different method to calculate CPU utilization than the alternative.

Which method do these programs use, compared to Windows?

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33 minutes ago, BuckGup said:

It's pretty stupid considering it's a content company only and most things are 21:9 anyways. Amazon and others already do it so I don't know what the problem

That's also stupid because most of their 21:9 pirated content actually is in 21:9. So same stupidity as when pirated games run better than paid one. Just saying!

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So NetFlix needs to rely on Windows Task Manager to know how to optimized its video stream?! How about going back to the drawing board and make a program that doesn't have to.

And what's with that "SCaLE" sign in front of the podium, is that written with a Sharpie?!

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1 hour ago, asus killer said:

like some of the comments on the article quoted i totally failed to see the point in this. Everyone knows windows is bad at reporting CPU utilization, as for the rest if the CPU is actually in use of stalled because it's waiting to access memory what is the point in discussing something that you can't actually do nothing about it? and if the CPU isn't available i think it would be worst to report that as available, i'm actually with windows on this.

Yeah that what I was thinking. I mean if the gpu is busy who cares what is actually doing because it is supposed to help determine how much of the cpu is available for use. Or at least that's how I use it.

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1 hour ago, asus killer said:

like some of the comments on the article quoted i totally failed to see the point in this. Everyone knows windows is bad at reporting CPU utilization, as for the rest if the CPU is actually in use of stalled because it's waiting to access memory what is the point in discussing something that you can't actually do nothing about it? and if the CPU isn't available i think it would be worst to report that as available, i'm actually with windows on this.

I was about to comment pretty much exactly this ^^^^ Now I don't need to bother.

 

 

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16 minutes ago, Master Disaster said:

I was about to comment pretty much exactly this ^^^^ Now I don't need to bother.

 

 

Its more for the new kids on the block to be aware of not to trust Task Manager and some cool new little details. Heck I was even doing it last night comparing with a new computer I built with an old though in the back of my mind I was questioning the metrics. I've been building computers for years. Plus this seems to be more new proof to not trust Task Manager. Never heard of Spectre/Meltdown patches aiding the fault. I thought Linux didn't have such a problem before this. Also I like what one guy said in Extreme's thread.

Quote

The point is, if a cpu is designed to do something else while waiting for RAM data then it is should not be marked as busy.

 

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I posted a blog and a status on my thoughts about this, but I don't feel like doing another copypasta. So here's a summary of either (they're both the same):

  • Task Manager's CPU utilization is based on how long the CPU spent running the System Idle process, nothing more.
  • To get whether or not a thread is actually using the CPU for useful work, the thread either has to constantly update a status variable or the OS has to poke at it to see what it's doing. Either way will incur overhead that may have a significant performance impact
    • (new thought) Alternatively the CPU has to have a mechanism to say if a thread is doing "work", but that seems kind of silly.
  • If a thread isn't going to be doing useful work (i.e., waiting), it should really tell the OS that it's going to idle/sleep/whatever. Spin waiting on data doesn't count.
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2 minutes ago, M.Yurizaki said:

.

How reliable is Task Manager at showing cache'd memory vs free memory?

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22 minutes ago, Princess Cadence said:

How reliable is Task Manager at showing cache'd memory vs free memory?

It's likely in the same boat as CPU utilization. In that it's not wrong, just misleading. Apps will ask the OS to reserve some amount of memory for them and the OS will, if it can, reserve all that was requested, even if the app doesn't actually use it. To quote from https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/oldnewthing/20091002-00/?p=16513:

 

Quote

The memory manager does the same thing. It knows that it needs to assign some page frame to your process, but it doesn't make any decision until you actually use the memory, so it can have maximum flexibility to satisfy other memory allocations in the meantime. And if you free the memory without ever accessing it, then the memory manager didn't need to make the decision at all!

 

The thing is the OS still made a "promise," if you will, that the memory will be accessible when the app tries to access it. While Chen uses an example of a cleaning service, I found an example using a restaurant: when you reserve a table, the restaurant will promise you a table that will fit the number of people for when you show up. Once they marked a table, they will not let other people use it. If the restaurant is otherwise full, this means there's zero availability, even though there are open chairs.

 

Though do note that "free memory" in terms of Windows (and macOS and possibly Linux) is physical RAM that has never been touched. Memory pages that get discarded by apps, either by the app itself or the app terminating, are marked as "standby", which can be used as cached memory.

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5 hours ago, Sniperfox47 said:

And like no duh it's not accurate. Modern CPU pipelines are incredibly complex, how would you measure the optimal usage of them even in a perfect world?

When I opened this thread I was completely expecting this to be the main argument for why it is inaccurate.

How does Windows display 100% ALU and 0% FPU utilization on the CPU as a single number? Answer: Inaccurately, that's for sure.

 

I just want people to stop using task manager to "prove" that they have a bottleneck at component X, or Y.

 

 

 

3 hours ago, Princess Cadence said:

How reliable is Task Manager at showing cache'd memory vs free memory?

Very reliable, but fairly useless too.

It doesn't tell you how much memory is actually needed at the moment. Windows can decide to load up 8GB of useless files into the RAM if it feels like you might need them later.

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