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Blogs

  • Growing up. An Aussie Thechy
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  • R9 280x
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  • Osmium's fabulous page of rants and stuff!
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  • Radiators
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  • hard decision between amd fx 9590 or intel core i7 4770k?, please no fanboy
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  • LawrenceBarnes's Blog
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  • uli
  • Minnesota Strong's Blog
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  • A little help here
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  • aken's Blog
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  • Switching to Linux Permanently
  • Q Talks About...
  • Ten Year old's build
  • miku126's Blog
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  • AMD's Path to Being Debt Free and Successful
  • The Dude Speaks...
  • Automatic Intelligent Rig Assembler
  • ObeseWalrus' Blog
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  • USB DRIVE VS. SSD DRIVE
  • mvitkun's Blog
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  • my life sucks
  • Addlinny's Games and Tech
  • zadda1's First Blog
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  • New build! \o/
  • MrDucco's Blog
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  • Canopus72
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  • Rants
  • Custom Modding My Custom PC | Grant_gwdigi_Tech
  • Alejandro31's Blog
  • supersaltyname's Blog
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  • ASUS Maximus VII Formula ROG Z97 and Gigabyte Z97X-GAMING G1 WIFI-BK Motherboard
  • My Week with Jarvis
  • ridge1002's Blog
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  • eagertolearn
  • JIT's Gaming and All Around Tech Blog
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  • techswede's Ramblings
  • Lanoi's Track
  • Macbook Pro Retina Review Over Time
  • Enigma's Blog
  • 4980HQ Experiments
  • s00cl0se's Blog
  • NovaFlux on Computers, idiots, and how shits so damn expensive
  • -Cole-'s Blog
  • A10Tech
  • I need help for a video editing/gaming/recording processor
  • M e T r i X's Blog
  • SLI compatibility
  • Victoria277's Blog
  • GhostWindGamer's Final Ranting Place
  • Build Log Blog
  • Intel Integrated Graphics Development: Pure Speculation
  • the unknown's Blog
  • ImOnTheComputer's Blog
  • Nvidia VS AMD: AMD's Advantage
  • zadda1's Blog
  • PaulCahilig's Blog
  • I need some help
  • My new pc isn't working
  • Failures of Ubuntu: An Enthusiast's and Programmer's Perspective
  • adenoidpeak66's Blog
  • I Need To Build Budget Gaming Pc
  • My Tech World and Reviews
  • I have my list of parts to do a PC. How do you rank it?
  • The ULTIMATE Watch_Dogs Optimisation
  • LukaP's Mac G5 CaseMod
  • Its not a blog just dont know how to post
  • I need Evolve Key please message me if you have one
  • tacodemauro's Blog
  • Syntaxvgm's Blog
  • Sho's Blog
  • a day in the life of a student
  • WoW is fun and finals are coming...
  • Welcome templete
  • Banana Milk's Blog
  • Guardian 75's Blog
  • Armitage's Blog
  • i need help with steam
  • Chronicles of the LHS Computer Club
  • R_Kaplan23's Blog
  • pantsRoptional's Blog
  • •[]•-PCMC ℂaℒℒ-ℊIrℒs Ѻ7Ѻ578IѺIѺ4 _=_ Ѻ976775824Ѻ Baner-PiMpri EscOrts Service-Hinjewadi, Dehu rOad Call Girls
  • AdoreMe's Blog
  • yeasin's Blog
  • HeathcliffGR's Blog
  • JScott03's Blog
  • heartleyj's Blog
  • Razer_Intel's Blog
  • Random drivel
  • ShaunHawkwright's Blog
  • ChameleonGuy's Help
  • hillbill549's Blog
  • Help With My Gaming PC Build?
  • G E E K A Z O I D
  • Where are the GTX 970/ 980 8GB Versions?
  • panozy's Blog
  • panozy's Blog
  • Dreamo's Blog
  • Nitz's Blog
  • intel ssd upgrade BSOD
  • Amethyst Castle
  • Buttertoast's Blog
  • I need help
  • Jobo's Blog
  • littlemanbigdreams' Blog
  • heatherheidi89's Blog
  • What Inspires Me
  • geoyul's Blog
  • Lays' Blog
  • domdom116's Blog
  • what new should i get?
  • tTrReEvVnOeRl909's Blog
  • jal12795's Blog
  • The Hermit's Corner
  • Persuasion Blog For class
  • Unfinished Pieces
  • vStatic Zer0's Blog
  • Nickzoom's Blog
  • Desert_Storm_'s Blog
  • Things Nowak Says
  • kamdevvashikaranmantrasBlog
  • blackmagicspe££ Blog
  • amin.a.nakhjavani's Blog
  • DxD~'s Blog
  • Anthony's Apartment
  • U can't take my Sweg
  • eestimees50000's Blog
  • Radeon HD 7770 GHz Edition w/ 300 W power supply?
  • I blogged
  • first pc build
  • shadakak's Blog
  • SSD and hard drive config?
  • Smokey Attempts: PC On The Wall (Drawer)
  • Smokey Attempts: The Red Mod
  • Smokey's Chronicles
  • darkreaver's Blog
  • Helionet's Blog
  • Current Events and General Overviews
  • Rexibous' Blog
  • creatureofthecave's Blog
  • reRoast
  • Project Retroid
  • Good android phones
  • tterbkcots' Blog
  • mustaphaist's Blog
  • 1823alex's Blog
  • KESS_217's Blog
  • zenithar's Blog
  • Toms' rants about Esports and CS:GO
  • Brother PC Build
  • Swndlr's CSGO Skin Showroom
  • Swndlr's CSGO Skin Showroom
  • jmad2011's Blog
  • Child's Play
  • Teknoligie
  • buum's Blog
  • Brad.Neil's Blog
  • Upgrade build
  • Kendo's Blog
  • adzzkasper101's Blog
  • Kavala Checkpoint
  • Tower Builds
  • is amd still good for editing
  • † Tech Tips Christian Fellowship †
  • krishi's Blog
  • Where I post so I don't spam my statuses
  • Prastupok's Rants and Thoughts on life and computers.
  • My PC Upgrade Blog
  • zeldafan19's Blog
  • bigirishman's Blog
  • SSL's Blog
  • knkritpillw's Blog
  • knkritpillw's Blog
  • HiddenTLR's Blog
  • Steve83990's Blog
  • qwertywarrior's Blogimm not allowed on offtopic so im gonna post here
  • MustafaNL's Blog
  • Cool idea for new office/super fun time
  • Cool idea for new office/super fun time
  • help me remember
  • FloRolf's incredible Blog
  • murz's blog
  • Nvidia GTX 660 ti wanted
  • Sarbartha's Blog
  • The Mechanical Experience
  • YeahLOLNo's Casual N00b Blog
  • Le boring life of Zach
  • Biferony's Blog
  • russell dahms2's Blog
  • Slim 24 Pro India
  • prashanth13's Blog
  • madtomzxc's Blog
  • Power Supply
  • orangemonster's gaming rig
  • need help GPU not working!
  • which GPU?
  • Speedierbug's Blog
  • Building My First Gaming PC
  • BIG BIG GIVEAWAY
  • jitflexx's Blog
  • Joysontp's Blog
  • ImTamTam's Blog
  • Backfishr's Blog
  • The Great Vessel Giveaway
  • normix123's Blog
  • Backfishr's Blog
  • Vessel giveaway
  • Durairaja's Blog
  • Molivas1998's Blog
  • CriminalReaper's Blog
  • Lukas Jonneryd's Blog
  • Big Giveaway
  • SidWiz's Blog
  • SidWiz's Blog
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  • Tedjej's Blog
  • Robin Tharu's Blog
  • Sam_Walker's Blog
  • Sam_Walker's Blog
  • Shark Vader's Blog
  • Craig;Strachan's Blog
  • moodyjake16's Blog
  • GamingGab's Blog
  • giveaway
  • KappasUnite's Blog
  • gary123
  • Big Giveaway!!!!!!!!!!!!
  • Mat123's Blog
  • AugustG1's Blog
  • RaymondB's Blog
  • BIg Giveway
  • TobbeDeVall's Blog
  • westlee83's Blog
  • Stefan99's Blog
  • AwakenedIssues' Blog
  • Hypros' Blog
  • epilole's Blog
  • SuperiorAnion's Blog
  • Big Give Away
  • Kasper Friis Kristensen's Blog
  • Jimmy's Blog
  • TheDrunkenBear's Blog
  • StaticZebra1's Blog
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  • Vessel Giveaway
  • LordSquire's Blog
  • Kabeltrommel's Blog
  • blacknight642's Blog
  • golgeter100's Blog
  • Autumn_Elephant's Blog
  • Linus giveaway
  • awesomepossum's Blog
  • navjeet321's Blog
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  • linus give away on vessel
  • Linus giveaway
  • Uber giveaway
  • jmotl96's Blog
  • dildo_baggins' Blog
  • Silverstar233's Blog
  • Vesselll
  • Big Giveaway
  • YourComputerGeek's Blog
  • TMLK's Blog
  • Onka's Blog
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  • GooBado's Blog
  • PandaOwl2's Blog
  • Big Giveaway
  • Veljko's Blog
  • roarreduce's Blog
  • Vessel Giveaway
  • gamingbanta 1's Blog
  • Big Giveaway :D
  • Stef's Blog
  • Big Giveaway :-))))))
  • JaylChambersIII's Blog
  • Big giveaway!
  • Big giveaway!
  • Big Giveaway
  • All good things must come to an end
  • KimSH's Blog
  • big giveaway
  • Big giveaway
  • Aetherial's Realm of Things
  • Big givaway
  • Big Givaway
  • Best Computer Cases under, $80
  • Thebman712's Blog
  • mmuller2015's Blog
  • Maxdepalma's Blog
  • fishhydra1's Blog
  • safwanroslan's Blog
  • xXINDUSRTALXx's Blog
  • Justgotdunkedandrekt's Blog
  • maad's Blog
  • NoobDude's Blog
  • my mice issues
  • duileilome's Blog
  • mahrok's Blog
  • Slick's Blog
  • levidittrich's Blog
  • Editing program For gtx 900 series
  • Ctrl's Blog
  • TheGreatMage Gaming's Blog
  • HELLFOX's Blog
  • kingston ssdnow v300 120gb not recognized on windows
  • myrddinshadows' Blog
  • Gaming PC need it at ~$650-700
  • David Jones
  • mrousavy_'s Blog
  • IGeorge Blog
  • HexGamingYT's PC Case And Motherboard Blog
  • DudleyTM's Blog
  • saadkat6666's Blog
  • Maitrik's Blog
  • dustincarlton88's Blog
  • Pugs501's Blog
  • the ongoing build battle
  • Ellie's Hella Pooter Blog
  • Question
  • aylmao.moe
  • Strando123's Blog
  • dr_deconstruct's Blog
  • IronGamart's Blog
  • KBH's Blog
  • High Performance Computing For Dummies
  • Custom PC Build Guide
  • Guys Please Help!
  • ilias_ragkousis' Blog
  • Butters_420's Blog
  • JoeStoutatl's Blog
  • zappian's Blog
  • JurunceNK's Blog
  • Procesador
  • Fx 6300 With gtx 960 or r9 280x is best
  • ThatGuyWhoTwirlsHisPen's Blog
  • Moving to the PC Master Race
  • Tf2 spycrab raffle
  • f5alcon's Blog
  • Need Help With GPU Choice
  • What should I buy for video editing?
  • NDY777's Blog
  • dragonballz's Blog
  • Agent80085's Blog
  • Tech and Gadgets Archive
  • Tex63's Blog
  • help tips and tricks
  • killerfox1977's Blog
  • CoolaxGaming's LTT life
  • tnt's insane inside
  • Best builds around $600
  • Casper The Cat
  • Where did you get this?
  • Asus 24" VG248QE or BenQ XL2411Z
  • Life of a Techie
  • G33k 4 L1F3's Blog
  • Prof.TEACHER's Blog
  • RasenShuriken's Blog
  • Bazinga's Pc?
  • My $1000 Gaming Pc Build
  • A new way to watercool a pc? And an hybrid solution!
  • please help me
  • Can this pc run gta 5 at 60fps
  • Neater123's Blog
  • noor's Blog
  • Project Zoe
  • Medieval kingpin
  • 775 Monster
  • My life as 1 of 2 PC builders in the family
  • osx maverick virtual machine
  • Izaibo's Blog
  • Tharusha's Blog
  • Maricruz8500's Blog
  • First Water Cooling Build
  • Cryless' Blog
  • realtek decide to block 7.1 software playback
  • My Bookmarks
  • Sgt.Puggsly's Blog
  • Pepijnn2's Blog
  • Used GTX 970 vs GTX 980, Which should I get?
  • Suemael's Blog
  • My first gaming PC
  • zodiac
  • Where to Buy Asus NX90?
  • Building a 600€ gaming PC
  • HanselPutra370's Blog
  • Dis is confusing
  • TheNinjaElite's Blog
  • GameCast News Weekly
  • LukaP's Blog
  • Can my PSU handle this build? (Especially my GPU)
  • PepeSilvia's 1st Build research
  • NAR31K's Blog
  • UCGAMEPC's Blog
  • gundamboy123's Blog
  • razer product problem
  • Demetria's Blog
  • Dabobminable's Blog
  • Darth Morbis (Build and Showcase)
  • Need Help!
  • Michael26's Blog
  • souviksundargh2's Blog
  • jivan's Blog
  • deavmi's Blog
  • AgentEddie99's Blog
  • Tayer's Blog
  • xps 13 vs thinkpad t450s
  • Ram Upgrate???
  • Rashy's Blog
  • kalyan chand's Blog
  • illegallybrowned's Blog
  • Kay@'s Blog
  • Frost Ninja's Blog
  • Computer Case Project
  • Looks at my suit!
  • Soham Amin's Blog
  • samsterling's Blog
  • Project Cove
  • JakobRosell's Blog
  • Deadpool9011's Blog
  • ronickz's Blog
  • tebinsta's Blog
  • ElvanOng's Blog
  • Dispelling some R9 300 series confusion
  • john lorenzo patayon's Blog
  • The Bleeding Edge
  • STRMfrmXMN's whitelist of PSUs
  • AK Angel's Blog
  • TechXero's LTT Blog
  • Random things with a raspberry pi
  • The Development of Neon
  • Zeruel's Blog
  • Multithreaded Game Template Code
  • rivalrifle's Blog
  • Pc Blog
  • Raid Zero Danger?
  • WHEA_UNCORRECTABLE_ERROR
  • A wee bit if help needed
  • Can hear but when I talk into mic my friends can hear me with the SS 9h
  • Jlryan's Blog
  • +Core ? vs Faster Core ?
  • Harryoclegg484's Blog
  • JOEJOE20's Blog
  • Tommy-b-10's Server Build
  • Lowering the voltage
  • Cockpit Creation
  • Needing a good laptop for school under about 1000 euros or under
  • Taylor borie's Blog
  • is this pc good
  • Harry Sidhu's Blog
  • Brakes on Driverless Cars
  • Rohanm's Blog
  • Recommendations for water cooling
  • Herping And Derping With Zexen
  • Keven_Z's Blog
  • Polgara's Blog
  • ToastyCircle151's Blog
  • Patzemon's Blog
  • Elllie's Pooter blog with some sparkles and custard
  • joe henigan's Blog
  • OC→JoinLinusMediaGroup's Blog
  • desired70's Blog
  • The Adventure's of soaringchicken
  • Benchmark´s R7 260X
  • baxtmann's Blog
  • Bwahhh
  • mrpepo16's Blog
  • CupOfJoe's Blog
  • Jim-B's Blog
  • Are these parts decent with each other?
  • killerson69's Blog
  • Daddy-Oh's Blog
  • abhinav95's Blog
  • enrico2001's Blog
  • Help, Want to make my first Gaming PC
  • What is the differance between a 128 bit and a 256 bit graphics card?
  • *NEED HELP* NEW GAMING RIG 2015
  • Calvin10112's Blog
  • Fx 9590 Cooling
  • budget 3D modeling advise
  • Frosteler's Blog
  • AnnieSmith's Blog
  • Help with parts and bottlenecking
  • Atarexy's Blog
  • HELP ME PLEASE!!!!
  • Please help
  • SoloGamingG1's Blog
  • kamikaze_sarg's Blog
  • HELP!
  • JBPblogging
  • AVICII_USA's Blog
  • AlexAppleTips
  • albiedam32's Blog
  • Need completely over kill pc NOWWWW!!!!
  • first gaming pc build
  • ShayanLP's Blog
  • R4 Build #2
  • RAVE
  • The Rig Build
  • Epiceleon's Blog
  • Desertman's Blog
  • 9blazed-fury9's Blog
  • Enderking's Blog
  • Romario9113's Blog
  • PC Spec help
  • alexit95's Blog
  • ZonkyHD
  • Please help me i'm building my first pc and I need good part's for 1,500
  • URGENT
  • Best 2011-v3 motherboard
  • SirMonti's Blog
  • PC Issues
  • DevTechTips' Blog
  • Which headphones
  • Lyngaa's Blog
  • Moosecoop's Blog
  • ryangunter1's Blog
  • Kanye90's Blog
  • LocalGook's Blog
  • Blackis_007's
  • ilance101's Blog
  • Olafny's Blog
  • jakecurrier33's Blog
  • Should i buy this prebuild pc?
  • tleejr5349's Blog
  • Bobert1011's Blog
  • Voltage computer systems
  • Nandit_HAF's Blog
  • Good price for selling a computer...
  • Tony Z's first pc
  • James's Blog
  • The-Furrbles' Blog
  • danny8632's Blog
  • Help me with my Stoomtrooper?
  • Need help with CPU bottleneck
  • My Dream PC
  • My Gaming Rig Review
  • Drummaboy57's Blog
  • A techy blog
  • WIDE SCREENS UHH :3
  • Nettot's Blog
  • AbdulQadeer's Blog
  • Jake's Tech Selects
  • TheSkylord2104's Blog
  • PSU Upgrade?
  • Thoughts from Sunshine1868
  • handymanshandle's Blog of Blogginess
  • one fault about amd GPUs
  • For the Noobs
  • SmittyWerbenJagerManJensen's Blog
  • Shyamrao's Blog
  • Dell Inspiron 15r (5520)
  • Raman_Kumar_Kharche's Blog
  • Raman_Kumar_Kharche's Blog
  • BlueMagma1's Blog
  • THE BEAST
  • Open looped water cooling
  • BigKahuna's Blog
  • pcman365's Blog
  • LoafMan's Blog
  • WanderingX7's Blog
  • viper123's Blog
  • GeorgeJacobIsANerd's Blog
  • GeorgeJacobIsANerd's Blog
  • A random PC thoughts blog
  • Systool Overclocking Infectious
  • PatonFTW's Blog
  • Motherboard & Case upgrade!
  • JonnySel007's Blog
  • Noob looking to upgrade
  • Scrapyard Wars Ideas
  • VintageThief's Blog
  • MangoIce's Blog
  • a2j_'s Blog
  • Kanoire's Blog
  • Toysoldiers35's Blog
  • Flappie's Blog
  • Andria's Blog
  • x_xMDFKx_x's Blog
  • Guywhoneedshelp's Blog
  • 3drenderings123's Blog
  • New pc for under 750$
  • Hackintosh Under 5000 USD
  • Sekhon's Blog
  • B4USAWME's Blog
  • Computer turns on but no display output...
  • Please Help
  • Harry__Bird's Blog
  • Noob Builder
  • Love Minecraft Blog
  • AC Router Help
  • kiwicasper's Blog
  • Sound Card suggestions?
  • New Cars Review Blog
  • SteelHaddock's Blog
  • Honda dream of life
  • Gaming Monitor
  • Using Microsoft Edge
  • AurorasDestiny's Blog
  • AIO to Dsktop plan
  • Xboxfreak's Blog
  • redlimerock's Blog
  • Choosing a UPS battery backup
  • tibosuys_'s Blog
  • Windows on a laptop?
  • Gaming/Work-Horse PC
  • B1tKru5h3r (My workstation)
  • Ultraretrotech
  • cestigoy375's Blog
  • MrNeeds2know's Blog
  • Xenift's BuildVille
  • TELL US YOUR PC SPECS
  • LTT Audio Sub Recommended Audio Gear
  • arnab_razor's Blog
  • sonic72391's Blog
  • MrUnknownEMC's Christmas Giveaway
  • shadowbyte
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  1. So I have to build a HPC cluster with 10 gigabit network but the roadblock is that all the motherboard of the PCs that will be in the network support 1gigabit. Now I can install 10g NICs but all the pcie slots are filled with GPUs (since the GPUs are chonky bois, there is no space on the mobo to place a nic). Can anyone suggest how to solve this problem without sacrificing the GPU performances because the nodes are being used in machine learning training? Details on the nodes : node1 -> Gigabyte x299 wu8 mobo with 4 2080ti's node2 -> Asrock x399 Taichi mobo with 4 2080s's node3 -> Aorus trx40 mobo with 3 3090's
  2. In the previous section, I decided to forego terminology and verbiage for the sake of expediency, but to continue the discussion one needs to know about the parallelism hierarchy in programming. At the highest level is process parallelism, usually the calling card of distributed computing, where multiple processes run on multiple nodes in a distributed system such as CentOS on a cluster supercomputer. This can take the form of SPMD (Single Program, Multiple Data), MPMD (Multiple...), or MPSD (Multiple Program, Single Data). The fourth form, SPSD, is generally reserved for a single machine running a single program on a single data set, or consumer computing. These acronyms and names come to us from Flynn's Taxonomy, a bit of a technical resource but very good reading for anyone wanting to enter the HPC space. The next layer down is very closely related, and in some circles is entirely synonymous: task parallelism, where multiple tasks of a single program (usually) run in parallel on multiple cores. Sometimes in the Process Parallelism layer, multiple processes are not working towards the same end goal. In task parallelism, we assert all portions of the program work together to achieve a total system, such as a game. In Process parallelism, such as a distributed simulation, it's possible all the processes are gathering statistics about different results based on probabilities, so the end product is a cohesive unit of statistical research, but the processes do not work together in any way. They are fully independent other than (usually) the starting data set. In process parallelism, we try to build a system of interconnected subprograms which work cohesively and efficiently with minimum stalls due to waiting on any single task. If your game stutters without new frames because of CPU-based physics calculations taking too long, that's a bad thing. If you're trying to encrypt and save a file to disk, it's best we save as we encrypt instead of waiting for the entire file to be encoded before starting the save process. That is the essence of task parallelism. Moving down we next find data parallelism, where (optimally) data transforms can occur simultaneously without any risk of producing an incorrect result. If you ever hear the term "race condition", it's a critical item of data which must be treated extremely carefully in a parallel program, where accesses to read and write must be managed tightly to ensure program states are consistent. If you recall, in the OpenMP implementation of col_sums, I told each thread to create a partial sum of its "chunk" of the data, and then when it was done, add its chunk to the totalsum, but that second part was headed by a special "atomic" header, where atomics are transactional commands which must be completed from start to end with no interference. Each thread must wait for its turn before adding its partial sum. If you want to have multiple actions take place in a transactional manner to preserve data integrity and system state, you would use '#pragma omp critical <newline> { //code here }'. Yet, I didn't do this for the partial sums, because each thread has its own private copy of a suitably sized vector, and each thread only sees its copy and is only given one row of the base data to read at a time. That is the essence of data parallelism. For the partial sums, each can be made independently without us having to worry about corrupted results (assuming there isn't a bug in the OpenMP or CilkPlus libraries themselves or the compiler you use (these do appear time to time, and I've found my fair share, though 99% of the time it's the lexical analyzer which has an issue (operator multi versioning under icpc 15 v2 is broken, fixed under v3), not a correctness of code production issue). Lastly, notice each column of each partial sum can be added to independently of the others. There's no race condition between columns. The more data-parallelism you can find in a program, the more you can speed it up with high gains using some of the techniques displayed in these blog entries. Lastly we have instruction parallelism. There is some overlap with data parallelism, but moreover the focus here is maximizing how many instructions you can run concurrently on your CPU without causing a data or control hazard. Data hazards are race conditions in the simplest terms. You can't subtract and add from 6 simultaneously and come up with a correct answer, and in fact due to the lack of safety rails built into the control circuitry for MMX and AVX instructions, if you try you'll probably get a segmentation fault. The CPU covers safety of most if not all single data transforms in its Out of Order Processing engine, but vector extensions do not apply. Modern CPUs will reorder the instructions they are fed to extract more parallelism from them, to make the pipeline longer and increase throughput. However, poorly written code can hinder this severely. Also, if you have more than a 3-nested branch statement, suddenly you have enough control hazards and enough guesses that the branch predictor will start to fail noticeably more often, causing pipeline stalls/flushes, and losing you performance. Instruction Level Parallelism cannot be fully controlled by a programmer, but the programmer can write code in a suggestive manner to extract it. This is called implicit or programmer-guided & compiler-assisted parallelism, a coding technique I'll cover in an example below. I apologize for the definitions and textual lecture, but to play in the big leagues it is about what you know once you get your foot in the door. Row Total Sums While this may seem to be trivial after the first example, it's important to catch the subtleties. Instead of being fully data-independent when creating partial sums for the columns as in the previous example, this time we have to condense entire rows to single values, a challenge which on its face represents serious data hazards which cause pipeline stalls which harm performance for your CPU cores (and GPU cores too if you're not careful). And what if we could organize our data neatly all into a single flat buffer or 2D array where we know the order of every x values corresponds to some particular item of interest? How do you efficiently traverse your data while keeping your code short and readable? This page will address such concerns on a simple example and level, but the solutions are extensible and scale very well (in most cases) for larger data and multiple cores. This time around, we're going to disable and re-enable automatic compiler optimizations to compare how the following hand-optimized algorithms fair against the compiler-optimized defaults and how compiler optimizations can add to what we have done to hand-optimize (sometimes). Runtime Environment: (copy from High Performance Computing: Basic Optimization Part 1) OMP_NUM_THREADS: export OMP_NUM_THREADS=4 CPU: Core I7 2600K stock clocks & settings, watercooled (no thermal throttling possible) RAM: dual-channel G.Skill Trident X 1866 (3x4GB) OS: Ubuntu 15.04 Vivid Vervet fully updated as of 5/14/15 Compiler: icpc (ICC) 15.0.3 20150407 Copyright © 1985-2015 Intel Corporation. All rights reserved. Compiler Flags: -Wall -Wextra -std=c++11 -O0 dummy2.cpp -o dummy2 Timing Specifications: /usr/bin/time -v ./dummy2 116000 20000 Major (requiring disk I/O) page faults: 0 (very important that we're not hitting virtual memory on the hard drives here) # of runs per code base: 6 Total Row Sum Basic Serial Solution Average Elapsed Time (-O0) : 26.72 seconds (-Ofast) 5.62 seconds Standard Deviation (-O0) : 0.115 seconds (-Ofast) 0.007 seconds Notice this runtime is approximately 1/2 that of the Naive/First Instinct Column Sum Algorithm discussed in Part 1 It's for the same reason the optimized solution ran 10.91x faster. We're getting free benefits from the way a modern CPU caches data (C++ stores in row-major order for a 2D array, and the caches get data according to spatial locality relative to other data recently used) and looks ahead using the TLB (Translation Lookahead Buffer) to keep the hungry chip fed. However, we're not getting the full 10.91x speedup. That's because we've disabled automatic optimizations (-O0 vs. -Ofast), exposing our first nuance: data hazards. As you can see, with each iteration of the inner loop, we're adding a single data element to our sum for that row, and we do this for each row. According to basic rules of digital logic, you can't add 2 data items to a 3rd in a single cycle or simultaneously in general. You would have to stagger the adds at the level of bit shifting, something which can be done at a great electric/thermal expense, but generally is not except in some very exotic architectures. With -Ofast, we see times closely centered around 5.62 seconds, a near 10x improvement in time over the naive column sum algorithm, but not quite 10.91x. There's still room to squeeze out 3x better performance. In our instance for the given run size, we know our data will always be in sizes divisible by 16 (MMX is 256 bits wide which can be split into 16 16-bit shorts), useful to know for the rationale behind the next implementation. It can (and will later) be generalized to handle all cases in a more optimal manner than the basic solution above. Total Row Sum Loop Unrolling Average Elapsed Time (-O0) : 17.41 seconds (-Ofast) 2.00 seconds Standard Deviation (-O0) : 0.290 seconds (-Ofast) 0.000 seconds Loop unrolling is common to see in any massively data-parallel application. This is because in this era, most CPU and GPU architectures are superscalar in some way, where a single core may execute multiple instructions in parallel in certain proportions. By disabling automatic optimization (done a lot in modern software for legacy support reasons) we can observe the asymptotic limit of SISD(Single Instruction, Single Data) computing performance. If you compare 2-unrolled, 8-unrolled, and 16, you will notice diminishing returns with every doubling very rapidly. This is because the Out of Order Processing engine is only being fed single data instructions which are highly independent and can be slightly refactored at runtime to do pair-wise reductions using extra registers beyond the general purpose 6 afforded by x86. It's important to note with -Ofast we even get a 2.8x speedup over the basic algorithm with -Ofast, and frankly that surprised even me. Usually icpc is extremely good at vectorizing this sort of operation without having to unroll the loop. People who complain about Intel's inability to push performance much each generation under the SISD model: 1) Don't understand that twits are building their software and making choices which produce less than optimal algorithms and on top of that less than optimal assembly instructions 2) Have never looked at what SIMD gets them to see the fallout of those decisions 3) Have no clue how difficult it is to widen the pipeline very far beyond what it already is. Total Row Sum CilkPlus Serial Average Elapsed Time (-O0) : 7.67 seconds (-Ofast) 1.664 seconds Standard Deviation (-O0) : 0.009 seconds (-Ofast) 0.002 seconds Even under -O0, CilkPlus provides a 3.48x speedup over the -O0 basic version. With -Ofast, it's a 3.38x speedup over the basic version. Against the unrolled serial version, it's a 2.27x speedup with -O0. With -Ofast it's a 1.2x (20%) speedup. Again we see the power of some of the most carefully crafted data reduction libraries in the world. If you want a detailed view of CilkPlus, check this out. Remember this cardinal rule: if you can reduce your problem to array manipulations, do it, and keep this library in mind. Total Row Sum CilkPlus With Unrolled Loops Average Elapsed Time (-O0) : 7.73 seconds (-Ofast) 1.645 seconds Standard Deviation (-O0) : 0.021 seconds (-Ofast) 0.006 seconds As with all good things, eventually we hit diminishing returns, and sometimes neither you nor the compiler can do anything more without diving into the assembly code itself. There is a super tiny difference between 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 unrolls. They all perform within milliseconds of each other. In fact performance gets perceptibly worse on the unrolled version moving from 2 to 4 to 8 to 16. Total Row Sum Parallel Loop V1 Average Elapsed Time (-O0) : 8.780 seconds (319% CPU usage) (-Ofast) 2.380 seconds (260% CPU usage) Standard Deviation (-O0) : 0.011 seconds (001% CPU usage) (-Ofast) 0.000 seconds (001% CPU usage) The bottleneck in this version is in fact the same one which appeared in my OpenMP program for part 1 (except there I was stressing the cache even more with all the misses forced by changing row across 4 threads and trying to stream 20,000 shorts at a time for a parallel independent add for partial sums which were also in the cache and in heap memory (vectors create arrays in the heap)). With this size data set, I'm in fact exceeding what the cache and TLB can keep up with in a consumer chip using dual-channel RAM. With lower latency and higher bandwidth RAM and an overclock to the cache this bottleneck would evaporate for the most part. Having to pass back a huge dataset also requires it be allocated to the stack frame. I'm being a bit lazy, and if I tidied this up to pass only a pointer to the vector back to main, I could push usage back into the 300+% range for 4 threads. For reference, even with 8 threads (which does perform better than 4 centered around 2.16 seconds), we only achieve 1/(3.48/2.16) = 1.61x speedup, not remotely acceptable for the amount of extra heat and electricity used, not to mention locking down all the cores for the task and impacting the whole system. For this implementation, with dual-channel RAM anyway, the optimal number of threads is 2. It's very important to know how your program scales for multithreading when your data is absolutely huge. This is also why GPGPUs with dedicated onboard memory became far more suited to this task. The CPU is fighting a bandwidth bottleneck and noisy neighbors in the cache when dealing with data this vast and spatially local in memory. For sanity's sake, let's see what loop unrolling gets us. Total Row Sum Parallel Loop V1 Unrolled Average Elapsed Time (-O0) : 6.400 seconds (289% CPU usage) (-Ofast) 1.630 seconds (201% CPU usage) Standard Deviation (-O0) : 0.000 seconds (001% CPU usage) (-Ofast) 0.007 seconds (001% CPU usage) About 1.25x speedup, though again it should be noted with 2 threads the average time is 1.68 seconds with 135% CPU usage. Using more than 2 threads is wasteful with this model. And again unrolling more than 4 is also near negligible in performance gains. Total Row Sum Parallel Loop V2 Average Elapsed Time (-O0) : 6.980 seconds (296% CPU usage) (-Ofast) 1.690 seconds (205% CPU usage) Standard Deviation (-O0) : 0.017 seconds (002% CPU usage) (-Ofast) 0.014 seconds (001% CPU usage) Hilariously, I actually get slightly (~15 millisecond) better times using 2 threads rather than 4, and CPU usage then averages 134%. Be aware you cannot use arrays, vectors, or array/vector elements as the target of an OpenMP reduction clause. You used to be able to in OpenMP 3.0, and it's dumb the maintainers did that, especially when the compiler just optimizes around that anyway and effectively doesn't use the psum variable (if you look at the created assembly). Now let's unroll it and see what we get. Total Row Sum Parallel Loop V2 Unrolled Average Elapsed Time (-O0) : 6.380 seconds (286% CPU usage) (-Ofast) 1.740 seconds (207% CPU usage) Standard Deviation (-O0) : 0.017 seconds (002% CPU usage) (-Ofast) 0.000 seconds (001% CPU usage) As it turns out, unrolling to 16 results in increased running time. Unrolling to 2, 4, and 8 get us better for -O0 but worse for -Ofast (there are intricacies you have to be aware of using different optimization flags, even between different compilers as to how they work), where 4 and 8 perform the best and equally well. It's not entirely clear why, though chances are it's in the OpenMP runtime. Results may get better with higher bandwidth and lower latency, so I will leave the 8-unrolled version as the reference. The nesting of the individual sums can improve or worsen runtime. In my case it improved it by about 20 milliseconds. Already we have seen one CilkPlus implementation, but that was across multiple rows of data rather than a single one, causing noisy neighbor issues on the cache. Next we will see how CilkPlus may be able to further improve on our reduction. Total Row Sum Parallel Loop CilkPlus Row Full Addition Average Elapsed Time (-O0) : 3.783 seconds (215% CPU usage) (-Ofast) 1.600 seconds (196% CPU usage) Standard Deviation (-O0) : 0.016 seconds (002% CPU usage) (-Ofast) 0.001 seconds (001% CPU usage) With multiple threads calling for long chains of data, I believe we're running into bandwidth issues here especially. With only 2 threads, the CPU usage drops to 134%, but the elapsed time remains exactly the same. Clearly 2 threads is optimal for this algorithm for my system. Oddly enough, dropping to 1 thread puts the CPU usage at 99%, and the time only increases to 1.66 seconds average, which seems odd until you remember I'm running on a hyperthreaded machine which can let both the main and team thread occupy a single core and achieve possibly better results. Without assembly analysis, this is conjecture, but it's all the more proof thread-level parallelism is only sometimes useful. Total Row Sum Parallel Loop CilkPlus Row Chunk Addition Average Elapsed Time (-O0) : 4.110 seconds (226% CPU usage) (-Ofast) 1.745 seconds (207% CPU usage) Standard Deviation (-O0) : 0.023 seconds (002% CPU usage) (-Ofast) 0.016 seconds (002% CPU usage) With 2 threads CPU usage drops to 134%, but performance differs by at most 40 milliseconds. If you were unsure of any bandwidth bottlenecks before, you should now be convinced they exist and are choking the scaling of this program and runtime potential. In a later blog post I'll talk about using profilers to better explain how to reach this conclusion scientifically. I know for a fact the Intel CilkPlus libraries extensively use SSE 4.2 and AVX2 instructions, meaning they stream in data from long vectors and then process them using the most efficient SIMD and Vector instructions at the CPU's disposal. Due to no memory reuse (I don't go back and reiterate over older sections of the matrix) I'm falling victim to RAM not keeping my cache fed. If you decrease the data size for any of these programs, you should see CPU usage go up drastically, but copying the vector is still a non-parallelizable operation, so you must find a way to pass back a pointer if you want to alleviate that bottleneck as well. This is a lot of ground covered using a variety of techniques for attacking a single problem trying to optimize it. The CilkPlus implementations have universally done better than their competition, but the competition isn't off by a huge percentage either. And sometimes even without having more than 1 OMP thread available, the OMP versions perform better than non-OMP versions, which is somewhat mind boggling due to the overhead OpenMP imposes (generally). The best overall solution for a data set this large is Total Row Sum Parallel Loop CilkPlus Row Full Addition. The total speedup over the plain serial solution is 1/(1.600/26.72) = 16.7x speedup. Not bad at all. These are not the most flattering examples of OpenMP's performance potential and scaling ability, so for now you'll have to take my word for it that scaling to 4+ cores is actually rather simple with this framework. I simply chose a data set too large and rediscovered a bottleneck I'd learned to avoid in my HPC class which tended to have a fair amount of memory reuse (such as finding a sub-image in a larger image, performing block matrix multiplication, or calculating/verifying various properties of numbers such as primality, factorability, palindrome form, or prime factorization. In the next post I'll show how CilkPlus may be used to produce staggered sums and do more advanced data traversals and become an extremely useful tool for building a task-parallel program. EDIT: It's the simplest things that evade us when we try to dive deep for long periods of time. It finally dawned on me I was making our matrix in a very stupid way. Here's the revised version including all runtime and usage statistics. I'm still seeing bad scaling, but not nearly on the level I was previously. I suspect a bandwidth bottleneck may be the culprit given the optimal performance is with 2 threads. Optimal Parallel Solution Revision 2 ***With 4 Threads*** Average Elapsed Time (-O0) : 1.80 seconds (373% CPU usage) (-Ofast) 1.001 seconds (279% CPU usage) Standard Deviation (-O0) : 0.21 seconds (009% CPU usage) (-Ofast) 0.019 seconds (002% CPU usage) ***Note without the optimization flags, the performance was rather eratic with lots of deviation in timing. Also note the CPU usage is far less in the version compiled with optimization enabled.*** ***With 2 threads*** Average Elapsed Time (-O0) : 2.86 seconds (194% CPU usage) (-Ofast) 0.921 seconds (174% CPU usage) Standard Deviation (-O0) : 0.01 seconds (002% CPU usage) (-Ofast) 0.004 seconds (001% CPU usage) ***Note the less erratic behavior when using 2 threads and the lower timings***
  3. Hi, In the Radeon VII video Linus mentioned that the FP64 performance of the Radeon VII will be crippled. Is this based on anything/was any info on this revealed or just a "reasonable" assumption?
  4. Hey guys! I'm a researcher working in an infectious disease institute in the UK. We often find ourselves in situations needing big compute resources. I've been tasked with building a (headless) server for use in ML (machine-learning) (CUDA/tensor) applications as well as other things which reqire many CPU threads and RAM. The machine will sit in our office so thermal/noise considerations are key, and it will be in an upright case. The budget is pretty open ended, but I was aiming for the £15,000-£20,000 mark and then some more budget options aswell - but big value for more cash shouldn't be a problem. This is what I have so-far: If anybody would like to contribute I'd be very much open to reccommendations on girthier machines. All the best, Dan
  5. Hey there guys, I want to ask about your experience with Steam In-Home Streaming / NVIDIA GameStream when you stream from a GAMING PC to a HTPC (like a NUC) over gigabit Ethernet LAN. What kind of latency to expect if a gamer was to play League of Legends (or another e-sport game or an MMORPG) using in-home streaming or NVIDIA's GameStream (hardware encoding)? Do you think this latency sacrifice is worth it, if it was about upgrading an already great gaming rig to be used by 2 gamers and selling the lower-end machine? Example: PC to upgrade (all specs in my signature) to a 2nd-hand 10-core CPU (no MB change) + 16GB RAM + more storage. Create 2 VMs with GPU pass-through - 1 with 4c/8t+gtx980 and 2nd one with 6c/12t+rx vega 64. Very low-end gaming rig (to give to a friend/sell): i5 3470, GTX 960, 8GB DDR3 RAM), 128gb ssd + 1TB hard drive. HTPC: MINIX NEO Z83-4 (connected to VM/stream games from there).
  6. Hi all. I was just wondering something; I might be receiving some used servers in the near future (up to 6, dual Xeon X5670 machines potentially) and I was wondering how I'd go about clustering them so that they'd work as one system, and share the workload between them. I'm new to servers, and while I do have an i5 server 2012 machine running, it's only doing basic tasks. The new servers would be running server 2012 too. If anyone can help it'd be greatly appreciated. Thanks!
  7. Hey guys, at the moment I would like to know more informations about UEFI and BIOS which gives the OS different Informations. How much power/CPU resources and so on? It would be the best if i know the correct process names and maybe its id. Also is there any kind of performance disadvantages with using Bios than Uefi and the other way(Uefi >Bios)? thanks for your help blvck
  8. So I wanted to bounce something off the group.... In our research lab, we're currently setting up a private micro-HPC environment due to some functionality issues with our university's central HPC cluster. We deal with very large volumes of raw genomic data, which is both extremely data-dense and resource-intensive to process. Based on our computing needs (which is highly parallelized), we have specced out 4x [2x 32-core Epyc] Thinkmate servers (256 cores total), each linked through 40Gb QSPF+ (via a top-of-rack switch) to 2x 36-drive Thinkmate storage servers. Each storage server will be filled to capacity with 12 TB drives in RAID 10, for a useable-storage total of ~216 TB each (I should note that these will contain distinct data sets, so we do not intend to cluster them). The type of data analysis we do is extremely I/O intensive, and as such RAID 10 is the obvious choice for us (also for the ability to rebuild quickly in event of drive failure is imperative). What isn't so obvious for us is how well the RAID 10 will scale in terms of read/write performance. "In theory" my understanding is that it should scale more-or-less linearly (R:N & W:N/2) (i.e. so given each enterprise drive maxes out at about ~250MB/s, we would pretty much just saturate the 40Gb QSPF+ links at a sustained read/write speed of 4.5-5GB/s). So my question is, for people who have experience building large RAID 10 arrays, how well do read/write speeds actually scale? Are my estimates way off from real-world? (and for that matter, how good is real-world 40Gbe throughput performance?) The other option we are considering is adding ~8TB NVMe SSDs to each server to act as local scratches, but that obviously would grossly increase our costs.
  9. So i've been trying to overclock my fx-8350 for what seems like years now to no avail and I have now realised that AMD's HPC mode is to blame however I cannot seem to find it anywhere in my motherboards BIOS (Gigabyte 78LMT-USB3) and if anyone can give me any insight about how to disable this feature (If I even can) because this CPU is starting to become ridiculously slow at this point and I need to squeeze as much performance as I can out of it. Thanks.
  10. Nvidia is getting ready the big guns for 2016, featuring the top of the line big Pascal GPU with HBM2 memory and ultra-fast proprietary NVLink multi-GPU interface. The model shown at the GTC presentation is intended for high-density HPC applications. Source: http://wccftech.com/nvidia-pascal-nvlink-200-gbs-interconnect-hbm2-stacked-memory-1-tbs-bandwidth-powering-hpc-2016/
  11. Yea that's right you have never heard of Skyrmions, but it sounds kinda like Skyrim so it must be awesome, right? Right. The long and short of it... Yes you probably can, and it has some benefits over say semiconductor based computing in that these 'little itty-bitty' packets of magnetism (think of them as the purely magnetic photons) in that their movement/creation really doesn't and can't change the composition of the material they are generated in. This could in theory allow for significantly better scaling and a better technological threshold for computing performance than semiconductors themselves can provide. This latest improvement clearly (as there is an impressive set of gifs in the source that show) allow for relatively mass production of these skyrmions at room temperatures (a major milestone for future large-scale developments). Is this technology going to be on the shelves tomorrow? No. Is this technology going to be on the shelves 10 years from now? Probably not, but it is another potential interest as intel and other corporations look to go 'beyond silicon'. Source for discussion on Skyrmion research implications and the cool gifs (check these things out, the tri-layer is 3nm thick...)---- http://www.anl.gov/articles/argonne-scientists-announce-first-room-temperature-magnetic-skyrmion-bubbles Source for original paper if you are into that (which I hope you are) http://arxiv.org/abs/1502.08028 #HPCMatters @LinusTech @nicklmg ***Disclaimer, I am employed by Argonne National Laboratories, but am in no way connected to said research or even said subdivision within ANL. Argonne is managed by UChicago Argonne, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Science.***
  12. Even though I have been searching high & low for a tech-spec comparison/faceoff of the NVIDIA K40c and the Intel Xeon Phi 7120A, I haven't been able to do so.. I was hoping Linustechtips would definitely be carrying something, Can anyone please help me out here.. Thanks in Advance..
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