I'm a professional photographer with 15 years experience and this is very similar to what I do.
2020
MMDDYY_Job Name
Capture
Shot#/Look
RAW Photos
Output
QuickProof JPG's
Small JPG Photos
Retouching
Whatever Retouching Assets
Probably another folder of working PSD's
Deliver
Final Deliverable Photos (sometimes there will be a RAW and JPEG deliverable folder)
Selects
On Set Selects
Trash
Bad RAW Photos
I backup all my incomplete jobs (in their entirety), and final deliverable files on Dropbox. I use Dropbox Transfer or Hard Drives for asset delivery to client, and when it's all said and done, I'll have a backup of my jobs on 3 hard drives in 3 different locations (1 at the studio, 1 in the safe in my car, 1 in safety deposit box at the bank). All of those drives are also encrypted with 30-digit passwords.
Ever since I started doing this and abandonded the dumpster fire of Adobe Lightroom, i've been able to find images and jobs lightening quick.
If I do motion, it's a little different, I'll have a folder for proxies and stuff like that, but the overarching system is the same.
Because often having mixed media types causes headaches such as resyncing folders in Lightroom from the top folder would import all the videos I don't want in there, requiring to manually sync the folders one by one...