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RadicalMods

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    RadicalMods got a reaction from Joshua Ondangan in PC vs PS4 vs XboxOne   
    WII U IS THE BEST!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!~!
     

  2. Like
    RadicalMods got a reaction from Slater in What do you guys think about next-gen gaming?   
    PC will always be the master race!

  3. Like
    RadicalMods got a reaction from Sauron in What do you guys think about next-gen gaming?   
    PC will always be the master race!

  4. Like
    RadicalMods got a reaction from Trik'Stari in arm hurts?   
    The problem might be here
     

  5. Like
    RadicalMods reacted to LemonSpice in Snapchat: 100 thousand files breached   
    average american :"but all my posts were deleated within 10 seconds its impossible because you can totally deleat somthing from the internet"
  6. Like
    RadicalMods reacted to xNeon in Why UNIX and Mac OS X Beat Windows   
    Aaaaaand here comes all the ignorant hate.
  7. Like
    RadicalMods reacted to Builder in Why UNIX and Mac OS X Beat Windows   
    Edited 8/24/2014: Section headers added and essay cleaned up.
     
    BEFORE YOU READ: This thread is intended to serve primarily as a vehicle for a brief history of how we got from UNIX to OS X as it stands today, secondarily for discussing why I use OS X and by extension, why I use Macs, and as a tertiary intention, for the discussion of the pros and cons of various UNIX-like or UNIX derived operating systems, or other operating systems. It will also highlight Apple’s rich history of fostering open development processes and open source software projects. Yes, you could find this information elsewhere, but it’s in front of you right now, carefully organized for your reading pleasure. If I correct some misconceptions along the way then so be it.
     
    I’m not perfect, a lot of this information is shrouded in myth and legend, TL;DR if I get something wrong please don’t hesitate to say so and I will correct the OP with it. One cannot possibly recount the entire history of UNIX in a single forum post, so if you have any other questions, again, don’t hesitate to ask them. I will do my best to answer them.
     
    Sources:
    Mac OS X Internals, A Systems Approach (osxbook.com)
    Wikipedia (wikipedia.org)
    Knowledge accumulated over the years that I can’t really cite because I forgot where it came from but it’s been verified to be true (myself)
     
    Sit back, relax, grab a coffee, and ponder life’s big questions as I take you on a guided tour through history of the most important software ever wrought of humble code by all humanity.
     
    "Unix (all-caps UNIX for the trademark) is a multitasking, multiuser computer operating system that exists in many variants. The original Unix was developed at AT&T's Bell Labs research center by Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, and others." (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix)
     
    Everything is a file: UNIX is created.
    UNIX was an advanced multi-user operating system whose first release occurred in 1973. It was originally intended to be a "programmer's workbench" for writing code that was compatible on many platforms. Designed primarily by the now famous Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie, UNIX had its roots in the MULTICS (soon to become UNICS as a joke on UNICS being a castrated version of MULTICS after Bell Labs pulled out) project started at MIT in conjuncture with AT&T Bell Labs and General Electric in the mid 1960s. At Bell Labs, UNICS was rewritten in the C programming language, which had been designed specifically for the task. The idea behind UNIX was to develop an operating system that used a minimal amount of machine language (assembly) code to ensure that porting it over to new platforms would require minimal effort, often only porting the assembly code base and writing a C compiler. This may sound elementary now, but at the time it was revolutionary to create a system that could very easily be ported to many other computing platforms with minimal effort. Traditional efforts were often assembly language only. At this point in time, UNIX was known as Research UNIX, and was completely proprietary, with source licenses being available at nominal cost.
     
    One of these source license was issued to the University of California Berkeley, where a graduate student named Bill Joy began compiling his own version of UNIX for distribution. The first release of the first Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD ) occurred on March 9, 1978, and in edition to UNIX’s core codebase, also contained a Pascal compiler and the line editor ex, of Joy’s own design. This release was known as 1BSD. 2BSD would be released a year later in 1979 to include two programs that remain at the core of programming on UNIX systems to this day: the famous (or infamous, depending on who you ask ) vi text editor and the C shell.
     
    The Free Software Revolution and the Birth of GNU/Linux
    Though now in widespread usage, (and long before Windows took over) BSD was subject to licensing fees from AT&T, which had grown quite large. In response to the growing price of a BSD license, a man by the name of Richard Stallman founded the GNU Foundation to start an effort to create a free software version of UNIX that would be both free as in beer and free as in speech. The GNU Foundation also authored a new software license known as the GNU GPL, which introduced the concept of “copylefting” (a play on words of copyrighting) to the world. Copylefting meant that modified version of the source code had to be distributed containing the same license, and it served in the GNU license to ensure that a company could not leverage GPL licensed software for their own purposes without giving their modifications back to the community. It restricted the distribution of binary-only sources, that is, sources which can be executed but not read by humans. The GPL is actually a lot more complicated than this, and if you are interested in software licensing and the GPL in particular, I urge you to read http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License.
     
    As part of Stallman’s project to create the ultimate free software distribution of a UNIX-like system, a project was launched to create a revolutionary new microkernel on which to base the system. This project is known as GNU Hurd, and to this day they have not produced a kernel suitable for consumer or production usage. Never let it be said that Stallman is a quitter though, as Hurd is still in active development well over its 30th birthday.
     
    Obviously, those impatiently awaiting Stallman’s halo UNIX derivative grew more impatient. Seeing the problem with the Hurd and fearing (as is now obvious) that it would never get completed, a brilliant systems programming by the name of Linus Torvalds decided to come up with his own solution; a GNU GPL licensed kernel compatible with the rest of the GNU software library (which had been completed in spite of Hurd’s perpetual state of almost-doneness, which, as a side note, Hurd has been in since Stallman stated it would be done by fall 1990) now known as the Linux kernel. Suffice it to say that the Linux kernel took over, despite it being a monolithic kernel while Hurd was intended to be a microkernel.
     
    Chart of UNIX, UNIX-derived, and UNIX-like Operating Systems
    At this point you might be wondering, what the fuck does this have to do with OS X? Don’t worry, we’re getting there. The history of free software to this point is important to understand, because it was pivotal in a 1985 startup’s history and in general helps in understanding what happened in the next 12 years before OS X was released. If you’re looking for a tree of all of this stuff, brace yourself:

     
    Five years ahead of its time: The 3M challenge and the founding of NeXT.
    Ousted from his position at Apple after working the Macintosh and Lisa teams into the ground in 1984, Jobs set out to create the perfect “3M” computer at his new company NeXT Inc., with at least a megabyte of RAM, a megapixel display, and a processor that could process one million instructions per second, (MIPS). His goal was to create the ultimate research computer for universities and research centers. When asked how he felt about the NeXT computer arriving months late, Steve Jobs (in typical Jobsian fashion) replied, “Months late? This computer is five years ahead of its time!” And on this occasion, most people think he was right in saying so. Tim Berners Lee would later use a NeXT “Cube” (named affectionately for its cube like 1’x1’x1’ chassis designed by Apple Ilc case designer Frogdesign) and its corresponding NeXTSTEP operating system to create the World Wide Web, attributing the speed at which he did so to the operating system’s object oriented capabilities.
     
    While NeXT’s early hardware failed to amaze, NEXTSTEP was a fully object-oriented operating system, a product that had previously been the subject of many years’ research at Apple.
     
    NEXTSTEP and the Object-Oriented Craze
    NEXTSTEP was composed of a hybrid kernel containing the Mach 2.0 microkernel and the 4.3BSD (sound familiar?) UNIX environment. NEXTSTEP introduced a large array of revolutionary user interaction paradigms, including ubiquitous drag and drop and an object-oriented device driver framework known as Driver Kit. NEXTSTEP used Objective-C as its core programming language. Objective-C is an object-oriented C variant containing syntax inspired by Smalltalk to which the comprehensive rights were purchased by NeXT. There is a joke among Objective-C programmers that Objective-C contains the syntactical efficiency of C with the compiled speed of Smalltalk, i.e. taking the worst points of two languages instead of the best ones. It was at NEXTSTEP release 1.0 that the first iteration of Interface Builder appeared, a feature that is now part of Xcode in OS X.
     
    Despite NEXTSTEP’s resounding success and wide appreciation as an object oriented programming environment, it was unable to sustain the company’s lackluster hardware business and so in 1993 the hardware business was dropped in order to focus efforts on developing NEXTSTEP for the x86 platform.
     
    OpenStep and OPENSTEP
    NeXT developed a partnership with Sun Microsystems to release the specifications for OpenStep, a completely open platform containing several frameworks and APIs that could be used to create one’s own implementation of an object oriented operating system on any underlying core system. This specification was implemented in HP-UX, SunOS, and yes, even Windows NT. NeXT released its own OpenStep compliant operating system known as OPENSTEP in 1996. OPENSTEP was essentially a version of NEXTSTEP fully compliant with their OpenStep standard. (speaking of that bad product names thread, whomever thought it was a good idea to use all of these similar names and capital letters in NeXT’s product lineup should be dragged out into the street and shot. If these names confuse you, you’re not the only one.)
     
    Meanwhile at Apple, Microsoft was beating them to a pulp. After establishing complete operating system dominance, it became clear that Apple’s floundering strategy of releasing half-completed products that barely worked and reeked of desperation, (such as a licensing program allowing their System series of OSes to be installed on any hardware, much in the same fashion as Windows though without having the critical advantage of actually being any good) would not work.
     
    WHERE IS OS X?
    Whew. 1500 words in and OS X hasn’t even been created yet. I promise, it’s coming. We just have another new kernel ( ) to cover before we get to the really good stuff.
     
    Apple System OS and the Search for a New Beginning
    The Apple System series of operating systems was looking long in the tooth. Being the default method of interacting with a Macintosh since 1994, Windows was dominating the market, releasing improved technologies year after year that further extended their lead. Apple began a frantic search for their next generation operating system, at first partnering with the Open Software Foundation to port Linux (see, I told you it was important!) to the Power Macintosh. The result was known as MkLinux, running on the OSF’s Mach implementation, and was completely open source. It featured the Linux kernel running as a single process in Mach. The core system, osfmk, would eventually become part of the OS X kernel base. Despite yielding osfmk, MkLinux was unsuccessful in providing what Apple wished for in their next-generation OS. 
     
    Apple announced the purchase of NeXT Inc., in late 1996. What would have been called System 7.6 was released afterwards bearing the new moniker, “Mac OS.” Showing how the tables have turned since, Apple focused on marketing Mac OS 7.6 as being very compatible with Windows 95 and the internet. Mac OS 8 would bring the Copland API to the Mac, which later evolved into the Carbon API, (now defunct). It also introduced the brand-new Platinum user interface and a brilliant little search engine for local drives, network servers, and the internet, known as Sherlock. Mac OS 8.1 sought to apologize to Apple’s power users for OS 8’s ruinous changes to the classic Mac user interface by adding back in a start button and allowing the user to choose whether to boot to the Metro UI or the desktop. (…) In all seriousness, 8.1 introduced such important under-the-hood advances as the HFS+ file system, the Macintosh Runtime for Java, as well as bringing in Internet Explorer and Netscape Navigator for browsing the web. Here ends the changes to the original System series that were eventually implemented in OS X.
     
    Power Meets Usability: The development of Mac OS X begins.
    Apple’s acquisition of NeXT was looking pretty bad at this point, having spent a whole paragraph improving their old codebase and not doing anything whatsoever with NeXT’s vast software portfolio. Just kidding. You knew I was kidding, right?
     
    After buying NeXT, Apple began creating an entirely new operating system based on OPENSTEP’s codebase. The first step was creating a similarly awesome object oriented programming interface to OpenStep’s, which is now known as the Cocoa API. The first version of what would become OS X was known as Rhapsody, an effort to combine the intuitiveness and usability of Mac OS with the true grit power user features and standards establish by NeXT and OPENSTEP, and it was completed in September 1997 comprised of OPENSTEP, 4.4BSD and Mac OS, of course. Already we have a lot of open source software coming in, with 4.4BSD being totally open source and OPENSTEP’s OpenStep collection also being open source. In Rhapsody 2, more code, this time from the FreeBSD, NetBSD, and Mach 3.0 projects, was added. From there, Rhapsody 2 was forked into OS X Developer Preview 1, OS X Server 1.0, and Darwin 0.1. In DP2, the OpenStep-derived Cocoa API was implemented. DP3 introduced Aqua, which is the glowingly blue user interface that has been a hallmark of OS X design, (and dare I say an inspiration to Aero?) ever since. The OS X Public Beta followed the incremental DP4, featuring the open source Darwin core, the Dock, Aqua, and a new version of Sherlock. In 2002, Apple and the Internet Systems Consortium founded the OpenDarwin project in an attempt to create a vibrant open source community around OS X’s open source core.
     
    And finally, on March 24, 2001, Apple released the first version of Mac OS X, 10.0 “Cheetah.” Drawing on nearly 30 years of UNIX heritage and open source community-based development, combined with the power and efficiency of the OPENSTEP environment, and the usability and friendliness of Mac OS, Mac OS X is truly “the world’s most advanced operating system.”
  8. Like
    RadicalMods reacted to xXxYOLOxSWAGxXx_420BlazeIt in my friend wounders why windows vista gets so much hate   
    Because most of the people that used it put it on very bad, dated hardware. It required more resources than XP, and was a overall massive change, so many drivers and devices were no longer supported.
  9. Like
    RadicalMods reacted to DoubleY in AMD Announces R9 280 GPU   
    Another thing for those pesky miners... totally not me
  10. Like
    RadicalMods reacted to dizmo in Shots fired from Tim cook to ncppr rep.   
    I don't hate Apple for their products or pricing. I hate them for the way they conduct themselves. Evading billions of dollars in tax that should be paid, as well as suing anyone they can.
    Filing a lawsuit because a screen jiggles a certain way when you reach the bottom is, quite frankly, sad.
    Every company has good sides and bad sides.
     
    Actually I do hate one Apple product. That mouse the had with the G3 (I think it was). That pebble thing caused my hands a lot of pain.
     
    Also a Bentley is an over priced Volkswagen
    Give me a Rolls.
  11. Like
    RadicalMods got a reaction from Beskamir in Wix got DDoSed   
    To claim that they are "hackers".  
  12. Like
    RadicalMods reacted to MagnetSh0CK in Wix got DDoSed   
    Wix didn't sponsor Linus, competitor Squarespace did...Wix gets DDOSed. COINCIDENCE?
  13. Like
    RadicalMods reacted to dizmo in If anybody wants a good laugh...   
    ...not that funny.
  14. Like
    RadicalMods got a reaction from coen113 in Which of these 4 builds?   
    Exactly 5.
  15. Like
    RadicalMods reacted to NInety in [worldwide]96% off on seven games.   
    You get what you pay for. There's a reason those games are so cheap, not worth the effort or HDD space.
  16. Like
    RadicalMods reacted to HeathCliff in Which of these 4 builds?   
    So this is the 5th time I saw you make a post inquiring about this subject. Why don't you take the feedback from the previous posts?
     
    http://linustechtips.com/main/topic/121058-which-of-these-4-builds/#entry1612098
    http://linustechtips.com/main/topic/121395-thoughts/#entry1616341
    http://linustechtips.com/main/topic/121422-best-possible-%C2%A31000-gamingstreaming-build/#entry1616656
    http://linustechtips.com/main/topic/122122-%C2%A3750-build-for-streaming/#entry1625541
    http://linustechtips.com/main/topic/122553-build-a-perfect-build-for-me/#entry1630498
  17. Like
    RadicalMods reacted to Boosted_i6 in Welcome to the Linus Tech Tips forum!   
    Looks great!
    Keep firing Slick until he gets the bugs worked out
  18. Like
    RadicalMods got a reaction from Freaky_spider in Thoughts on this build please?   
    If you aren't really gaming then the GPU should be fine. Build is overall perfect for your uses. Except that PSU might be too much unless you want to upgrade later on.
  19. Like
    RadicalMods reacted to Oshino Shinobu in Women claimed she was robbed and assaulted because of google-glass haters   
    So they didn't break the glasses? And they didn't take the glasses and sell them? I'm tempted to call BS.
     
    But, you do look a bit of a twat when you're wearing them, regardless of who you are. 
  20. Like
    RadicalMods reacted to Bluejay0 in Is the FX 8350 gonna slow me down?   
    Since you aren't gonna game on it, why don't you save up to get a 8320?
  21. Like
    RadicalMods reacted to CCap in Is the FX 8350 gonna slow me down?   
    Why are you going for such an expensive processor for something designed just to browse the web? You'd get almost the same snappiness in one of AMD's quad/hex-core processors as you would with the octa-core. (Hell, a dual core could do the job. That's what I use)
     
    Anything more is just vanity and isn't going to benefit the build in any noticeable way (unless you want more than 100fps in powerpoint/word  :lol:).
  22. Like
    RadicalMods reacted to Biggerisbetter in Russia invades Crimeea   
    If we do go to war. Edward Snowden should be the first to go. I wounder how much intel this man has given to Russia.  
  23. Like
    RadicalMods reacted to Rashy in CPU + Motherboard upgrade. (And Case and PSU)   
    Buy a Fractal Core 1000 and paint it blue...?
  24. Like
    RadicalMods reacted to DoubleY in "Hello World!!"   
    Wow. A noob who actually knows how to use the quoting function. +1 for you
  25. Like
    RadicalMods reacted to DoubleY in "Hello World!!"   
    HELLO FRIEND I AM HERE
     
    Welcome to the forum. You won't be leaving 
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