Valay

Try the Lenovo Thinkpad L3 series
In your budget and your requirements as well

Honestly with my experience with college so far, I don't think it really matters. You will (likely) find people that use both on your academic journey, and your introduction courses shouldn't be operating system or even IDE bound (and definitely shouldn't be). The "System Programming" profession sounds like something that will use Linux at some point but that's purely speculation. If you want to be safe pick up a windows laptop, but really pick up what your comfortable with. Don't get a Macbook because it's trendy or whatever.

What kind of programming course is this? A university degree? A high school optional subject? Is there a specific reason you want a Mac?
 
It's hard to answer your questions without knowing what will be taught at your school, some IDEs and development tools are exclusive to specific platforms (often windows but not always) but generally speaking most of these tools are multiplatform and work just fine on Mac or Linux. Visual Studio (the version people usually mean) is only for Windows but... it's hard to believe any school programming course specifically requires some feature that only VS has. In most cases any text editor will do.
 
Regardless, if you don't have a specific reason to buy a Mac I'd advise against it - you don't need to sell a kidney to get a laptop that will serve you well even for a university degree.
 
(also remember to quote people or they won't see your answer/further question)
It's the opposite, at least for the most recent models; specifically the 2018 mbp is very prone to keyboard failure and replacing anything is a pain in the butt or even downright impossible without replacing the motherboard. Once it's out of warranty you'll basically have to buy a new one if anything breaks unless you're willing to hand Apple 700$ to replace your motherboard - or you can try a third party repair shop but there's only so much they can do when the memory, the cpu and the ssd are soldered to the board.
 
Personally I would recommend buying something used that meets your standards, it's not hard to find used/refurbished ultrabooks at good prices. 1000$+ is too much for school work imo.

Dont worry man. Entry level courses will likely be on java which means code will be crossplatform. At slightly upper level like system architecture, you are gonna be using Linux so not like you will be better off if you get windows. 
 
Edit: what I said applies for college cs students. If you are in coding boot camp or professional certification program, ignore what I said. 

Why do you even bother to consider buying a Macbook. 
I'd rather get a Lenovo ThinkPad you get better hardware for less money. And create a partition with Linux on it. At our university we had to use Windows and Linux. Don't go the hard way choosing iOS.
Anyway, programming on Macbooks works fine too, but when your university will use some specific programs that are not iOS versions you will be in trouble at least for those. Maybe you can work on it at university then, but not at home! And this will be a problem.
 

Separate SSDs is easier
Install  windows first
Windows uses localtime, not UTC/GMT- so tell Linux to use localtime as well

YES that's important and seldom mentioned. The Pane and the Penguin handle the system clock differently, so one or the other needs to be changed to match.  I use Linux almost all of the time, so I decided to change Windows to UTC, but you do you.

This is a good video and channel for beginners. The info in this video would go for most Linux distros, but in this case, it's for Ubuntu.