I have used all distros. Well not all obviously, but most. Just go with ubuntu for performance and stability. You can install all desktop environments on ubuntu. e.g. you can turn ubuntu into xubuntu or lubuntu.
In defense of all other distributions, ubuntu can be slower to update application packages, but that is not a problem because you can install software manually.
Ubuntu has "snap" software sandboxing which is not quite properly sandboxing web browsers yet, but when they do get it sorted it will be awesome.
I can break down my experience with other distros if you like.
just google bash programming. Its very straight forward. If you really want to learn linux you could install and use arch linux for a few months. I used Arch while at uni, coz it had a kernel version i needed for my wifi, and I learnt a lot from it. Arch broke on me twice, because the kernel + Xorg versions were not compatible with my proprietary nvidia driver. I think that was my only real problem with arch and its rolling release style.