Avigaming_

There is no all-in-one diagnostic software however I can recommend something like HBCD pe or medicat as well as memtest86.
Troubleshooting/diagnosis is usually a matter of elimination until you find the issue (when hardware is suspected at fault) and if everything is fine on its own then we usually check if some things just don't want cooperate. AIDA64 is a great stress testing tool as well as event viewer which does usually give insight in why something went wrong.

How come on the mint screenshot it says the drive is only 1tb, did you disable the raid or is it just fully ignoring it? Anyways did you get the raid driver from ASUS' website or AMD DRV_RAID_AMD_RAID_Driver_SZ-TSD_W11_64_V930296_20230706R.zip is directly from ASUS, there are three different inf files that you have to load at the drive selection step (from the NVMe_CC folder).

Yeah for the mobo I'd recommend something bigger since you have a medium tower, the tuf b650 or something (if you need bluetooth or any connectivity just get an external usb adapter), going for am5 is a good future choice, ram is fine by the looks of it psu aswell and gpu manufacturers only really differ by the shroud so any brand with decent history is pretty good (powercolor being one of them)

well the single channel 1330 will correspond to 2660 when in dual. so whatever the matching stick is in terms of capacity and speed, get that. 

the 1330mhz is for one channel
if you have two of the same kind then its 2666mhz and good
advertized speed is dual channel
 

do you have a Z series motherboard? if so, get a 4770k or 4790k and you'll be set. also find a stick of ram that matches your current one's speed if you are not in dual channel. 

this and get 16 or 32gb
ddr3 is cheap

It has same vram as a 1070
so not late at all