SZ1357

It's possible that the "failsafe" resolution/refresh rate when no driver is installed are OK, but what the driver selects once installed is not supported by the panel.

Shouldn't be. Integrated graphic can display 4k just fine even, albeit not the 3D stuffs.
 
If safe mode works fine, then that's further proof the iGPU is working.  Something in that driver is probably an issue.  Run Windows Display driver, it's perfectly fine for just displaying Windows stuff.
 
Maybe try an older Uhd 620 driver as well.

Aye

I've salvaged a good handful of locked drives simply by doing a secure erase on them under Linux. I have no idea if other software would complain about the password or not, but hdparm is all happy to let you do secure erase: https://ata.wiki.kernel.org/index.php/ATA_Secure_Erase
 
Obviously, all data on the drive will be a goner.

Yep I've tried diskpart, but it still does not recognize it.

Try the Gigabyte Z390 Designare: https://www.gigabyte.com/Motherboard/Z390-DESIGNARE-rev-10#kf 

Try the Gigabyte Z390 Designare: https://www.gigabyte.com/Motherboard/Z390-DESIGNARE-rev-10#kf 

Good point, I'm probably going to end up chucking it anyway. Besides it's only about like 50 dollars for 500GB anyway. Thanks for the advice.
 
I don't mind too much about my data, but I have 7 hard drives and an SSD from old laptops that are unusable ( I mean the laptop) so might as well take advantage of it for now and use it for backup, even if it is a "time bomb for data loss"

Two things I'd recommend trying:
 
Updating the BIOS if you haven't already: https://www.asus.com/us/Motherboards/Z97E/HelpDesk_BIOS/
Clearing the CMOS with the jumper.

It's the CMOS battery, I was just blinded by the rage caused by those beeps.  It's all good and dead-silent now.

I mean for what you’re doing it’s really not needed, even a typical Samsung or crucial sata 3 ssd would serve you well at half the price. But if you want the best of the best, then I’m not stopping you

With your workload, I wouldn't assume that you would be moving tons of data around every second, so I think Nvme is not for you, you wouldn't really notice the difference.

You can ask for help in NBR forums. There's a guy called t456 which is expert in laptop panels

It should, as long as the cable used to connect the display to the mainboard has the same pinout. I have no reason to believe those are standardized but you never know.

If you are not going to overclock your build, (me being personally a Nvidia and intel guy though) AMD would be your better option. All of the Ryzen's outperform the 7700 at about half the price, while with the 8700 it only just outperforms the 2700x by a margin. So, if you are not overclocking your intel chips (and getting the unlocked K versions), then you should go for AMD, besides it has 8 cores and 16 threads compared to intel's 4 and 8. With stock coolers, you should be able to keep your AMD's chips cool, but I haven't used AMD much so I'm not really sure... but it should be fine.
GPU's, you should go for the radeon 580x, in this case it slightly out performs the gtx 1060 and besides it's the same price and has 2gb of extra vram.