CoreCombat

Cheap windows laptop mostly run slow after updates due to low storage space but for sub 550 you could get a Chromebook if that fits your needs, there's definitely a sub 550 laptop that has sufficient storage, though I'm not sure what that laptop is. Though Linus complains about intel, quite a few good cheap laptops have intel celerons in them, so it might be worth looking at some intel options too

The existence of a $500 laptop that will last 5 years is unlikely in this environment. If one can be found with the hardware to do it it likely won’t have the build quality to survive that long.  A $1500 one might.  Of course thats 3 $500 laptops.  Battery is going to be a big concern.  Might be outside possible to buy a $500 laptop and treat it like it’s made of glass (or worse, cheap plastic, which it will be) and then accept that a battery replacement will be needed along the way. So a $500 now, $200 later laptop.  As long as the thing doesn’t get damaged in some other way.

R5 2600 hands down

North Korea.

Nice, gotta geplace the cpu with i5 8400 and I'm good to go! Thanks for the support

fresh linus meme from 2018 ( ͡° ͜ʖ ͡°)

I got you buddy.
 
PCPartPicker part list / Price breakdown by merchant
CPU: Intel - Core i3-8100 3.6GHz Quad-Core Processor  ($118.69 @ OutletPC) 
Motherboard: MSI - B360M PRO-VD Micro ATX LGA1151 Motherboard  ($55.99 @ B&H) 
Memory: Patriot - Signature Line 8GB (1 x 8GB) DDR4-2400 Memory  ($76.99 @ Amazon) 
Storage: Seagate - Barracuda ES 750GB 3.5" 7200RPM Internal Hard Drive  ($24.99 @ Amazon) 
Video Card: MSI - GeForce GTX 1050 Ti 4GB Video Card  ($169.98 @ Newegg) 
Case: Cougar - MX330 ATX Mid Tower Case  ($24.99 @ SuperBiiz) 
Power Supply: Corsair - CXM (2015) 450W 80+ Bronze Certified Semi-Modular ATX Power Supply  ($26.99 @ Newegg) 
Total: $498.62
Prices include shipping, taxes, and discounts when available
Generated by PCPartPicker 2018-06-27 12:51 EDT-0400

Thanks for the benchmarks ! I'm going with the 2400G instead, since a 1200 and a GT 1030 would cost me more while performing worse.

I would say it's worth it to step up to the 2400G for the better CPU

You better take 2400G dude, its iGP has comparable performance with GT 1030.
Better save your money to buy a decent GPU. I believe R5 2400G will be a decent CPU even fo 3 years ahead.
 
Edit: Here's some bench results https://www.techpowerup.com/reviews/AMD/Ryzen_5_2400G_Vega_11/12.html

Bottleneck, Yes. Should you get the 1030, No.
 
The main reason not to get the 1030 in this case is that as already pointed out, the 1030 won't provide a significantly better experience. It will likely be a bit better and there will undoubtedly be some games where the difference would be more apparent, but I definitely wouldn't say $70 better.
 
I think you would be better off using the money towards a card at least a step or 2 up.

Vega 8 is only a touch slower than 1030, so the answer is NO. In fact, with 3200MHz CL14 dual channel memory and Vega 8 overclocked to 1700MHz, Vega 8 is capable of matching the 1030.